Supreme Court Case in Colorado - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 652 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Supreme Court Cases Essay Did you like this example? In 2012, a gay couple came into a bakery in Colorado. They asked this company to make a cake for their wedding. The company is a Christian based company, and the baker did not want to bake a cake for their wedding. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Supreme Court Case in Colorado" essay for you Create order The couple was not very happy with this. They claimed that they were being discriminated against. They sued the company and wanted to go to court. In 2014, the baker who refused to bake the cake, Jack Phillips, was interviewed. He said that he was just using his freedom of religion for not baking the cake. Phillips said that he did not believe that same-sex marriage was right because of his religion. He feels he has a right to believe and act on that. The Colorado Civil Rights Commission ruled against Phillips, but Phillips decided to take this to even bigger measures, the Supreme Court. It took awhile, but eventually on June 4, 2018, they went to court. The Supreme Court didnt have an easy decision. They wanted to make sure they kept each person rights. Justice Kennedy said, The outcome of cases like this in other circumstances must await further elaboration in the courts. All in the context of recognizing that these disputes must be resolved with tolerance, without undue disrespect to sincere religious beliefs, and without subjecting gay persons to indignities when they seek goods and services in an open market. Eventually Justice Kennedy and the other Justices came to decision. In the Colorado cases, Justices Kennedy said it was unfair to Phillips because the court was looking towards freedom of speech and disregarded freedom of religion. He said that the Colorado court had acted inappropriately and had dismissive comments. After long consideration, the baker won with a 7-to-2 decision.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This article is related to the theme because it is a Supreme Court case. It was rights against rights. Each of these men had good reason of why they choose not to do something or to do something about the argument. Either way this was a very hard decision that needed to go to higher officials than just in the states, the Supreme Court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A little more than three years ago, gays getting married was legalized. There has been many disputes about the rights that gays have and freedom of speech and religion when not agreeing with their decisions, and the have gotten the Supreme Court in many cases. These couples are getting married in churches, and many churches do not support their decision. Many churches do not want to let them get married at their, but do because they do not want to get sued. Churches want to welcome gays but arent really sure how. They want to teach their beliefs but with gays and lesbian there, they arent sure how.   A year ago a lesbian couple showed up to a new church at one of their events. The organizers of the event saw this and when putting them in their seats, they separated them. The couple says they didnt question it then, but without a doubt now they would have. Some churches when it comes to marrying the same-sex it is forbidden, and they will not let anyone come there to get married. Many  cases are all the same, but everyone is still deciding where everyone stands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These two articles have many similarities. The gays have rights, and people are not allowed to discriminate. But, churches, businesses, and people have freedom of speech and religion. I think that it is rude to talk bad about gays in front of them or behind their backs, but I also believe that people do not have to support their decision.   Many people have certain thoughts about what churches should do, but most Christian based churches do not agree with their decision. I feel like  being in this situation is very stressful and hard to figure out when it is religious beliefs or discrimination.

Environmental Determinism and Biological Determinism

Environmental Determinism and Biological Determinism can set restrictions on a person’s behavior. Environmental Determinism is the view that the environment can have a great impact on a person’s behavior. Environmental Determinism is known as the name Climatic Determinism or the name Geographical Determinism. Biological Determinism is the view that a person’s genetic material can set limits on a person’s behavior. Environmental Determinism and Biological Determinism are different because they limit a person’s behavior in different ways and are similar because they have similar effects on different societies. First of all, Environmental Determinism effects on behavior based on the environment. A large amount of tropical countries is†¦show more content†¦Racist beliefs related to moral and intellectual characteristics still persist. The belief that one’s race is superior to many other races still exists to this day. This is how Biological Determinism affects based on a person’s genetic material. Third, Environmental Determinism and Biological Determinism are similar because everyone is affected by Environmental Determinism and Biological Determinism. Environments affect the survival and growth of a person. Different environments affect a person’s culture and decision making. Environmental factors have a strong impact on a person. A gene is a â€Å"unit of hereditary information that occupies a fixed position on a Chromosome†(Encyclopedia Britannica). A Chromosome is a â€Å"Threadlike part of the cell that carries hereditary information in the form of Genes†(Encyclopedia Britannica). â€Å"A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness. For instance, the 46 chromosomes found in human cells have a combined length of 200 nm (1 nm = 10− 9 metre); if the chromosomes were to be unraveled, the genetic material they contain would measure roughly 2 metres (about 6.5 feet) in length (Encyclopedia Britannica).†Human beings rely on genetic mat erial. People pass on genetic traits to offspring. Phenotype is the interaction between Biology and the environment. Environmental Determinism and Biological Determinism are similar in many ways. Biological Determinism and Environmental Determinism has existing conditions thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Freedom-Determinism debate1689 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom-Determinism Debate The controversy between freewill and determinism has been argued about for years. Freewill is defined as the belief that our behaviour is under our own control and do not act in response to any internal or external factors. 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Freewill is defined as the belief that our behaviour is under our own control and do not act in response to any internal or external factors. Freewill has been found to have four different conditions and to have freewill at least two conditions must be obtained, these are; people have a choice on their actions, have not been coerced by anything or anyone, have full voluntary and deliberate control of what they do. OneRead MoreEssay on Determinism and Free will1004 Words   |  5 PagesDeterminism and Free will Suppose that every event or action has a sufficient cause, which brings that event about. Today, in our scientific age, this sounds like a reasonable assumption. After all, can you imagine someone seriously claiming that when it rains, or when a plane crashes, or when a business succeeds, there might be no cause for it? Surely, human behavior is caused. It doesnt just happen for no reason at all. 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This concept is known as theological determinism. Both St Augustine and Calvin had a clear belief in theological determinism. According to Calvin, God has already decided who is going to go to Heaven and who is going to Hell. God’s power is magnified at the cost of man’s freedom. It seems to me that by accepting this theory of determinism, one must reject the idea of moral responsibility. We must choose whether we believe thatRead MoreBiological Determinism And Crime Of Criminology1595 Words   |  7 PagesBiological Determinism and Criminality Throughout the history of criminology, each theory dominates and gains support than others though different period of time. This essay will first discuss the argument for biological determinism which mainly focuses on phrenology. The idea of Darwinism also links to Lombroso’s idea that a person’s bad behavior can be predicted and should be eliminated will also be discussed. The second part of the essay will emphasis the classical theory and how in contrasts

To Kill a Mocking Bird Study Guide Free Essays

string(25) " talked to by Calpurnia\." To Kill a Mockingbird Study Guide and Activities SHORT ANSWER STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS – To Kill A Mockingbird Chapters 1-3: 1. Identify Atticus Finch, Jean Louise (Scout) Finch, Jem Finch, Maycomb, Calpurnia, Charles Baker (Dill) Harris, The Radley Place, Stephanie Crawford, Arthur (Boo) Radley, Miss Caroline Fisher, Walter Cunningham, and Burris Ewell. -Scout- Scout is the Narrator of the story. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mocking Bird Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the beginning she is going into the first grade, though, for her age she is extremely smart. Throughout the book you begin to realize that Scout speaks her mind, and isn’t timid. She is extremely curious. Atticus Finch- Atticus is Scout’s Father. He is an older man, and because of this, he is extremely wise. When Scout gets in trouble, he doesn’t tell her if what she did was right or wrong. He simply tells her that she needs to see it from the other person’s POV and she figures it out for herself. He is very understanding of his children and is easy- going. He has one brother and one sister Jem Finch- Jem is Scout’s Older Brother and Atticus’ eldest son. In the beginning of the book, he is going into the Fifth Grade. He is very supportive of Scout, and is just as curious as she is. The two of them still have this similar innocence. -Maycomb- Maycomb is where the story takes place. -Calpurnia- Calpurnia, or ‘Cal’ as she is sometimes called, works for the Finches. She is what you could call a housemaid. She cleans, cooks and watches Jem and Scout when Atticus is at work. She is a well-respected person even though she is black. Sometimes throughout the book, you will see Cal acting as a motherly figure to Scout -Dill- Dill is a young boy that Scout and Jem meet in the beginning of the book, he is very small for somebody of his age, he is weak. He doesn’t live in Maycomb with Jem and Scout, but he comes down every summer to spend time with them. He is curious. -The Radley Place- The Radley place, is where Boo Radley and his family live. They hardly ever go out, except to get the paper. The home of Mr. Nathan Radley, who is unfriendly. Nobody ever goes there. -Stephanie Crawford- Stephanie was the â€Å"all knowing gossip queen† of Maycomb. She knew everything about everything. -Boo Radley- Boo comes form a family of â€Å"foot-washing Baptists. † He used to hang outside the barbershops and go dancing with girls; and these things used to be considered as crimes. Since his family was so strict when it comes to religion, his father locked him away in the house in fear of his son going to Hell. Boo (Arthur) is highly misunderstood. Nobody really knows who he is anymore. In the book, he leaves things in a tree for Scout and Jem to find. These were his only means of communication. The children used to describe Boo as a six-foot tall monster that ate neighborhood cats raw. Though none of the things they said were actually true. Boo has one older brother- Nathanial- who appears as a small role in the book who takes care of Arthur and almost acts as his father. At the end of the book, when Bob Ewell attacks the children, it is Boo who runs out of the Radley House and defends the children by stabbing Mr. Ewell fatally so that the kids could get away with little harm. The sheriff lies to the court about what happened saying that Ewell fell on his own knife, because he knew the court system was unjust and wouldn’t understand what really happened. -Miss Caroline- Miss Caroline is Scout’s teacher. She is the teacher Scout hates because she punishes her when she stands up for Walter. Miss Caroline tells Scout to stop reading because she is â€Å"doin it all wrong. â€Å" -Walter Cunningham- Walter is a Cunningham. His family is extremely poor. On the first day of school, he didn’t have his lunch but he didn’t accept her quarter because he knew he couldn’t pay her back. His family is grateful for everything they get. Though they will not repay you with money, they can give you their stories, firewood, and other things like that to repay you over time. Walter comes over to the Finch’s house on the first day of school for lunch. He pours molasses over his meat and vegetables. At the sight of what Walter was doing, Scout comments that that isn’t normal, but since Walter was a guest, Scout had no right to comment on his eating habits. Calpurnia noticed and scorned her for the incident. -Burris Ewell- Burris Ewell is one of the eight children of Bob Ewell. He had cooties and Miss Caroline sent him away because she was disgusted. He and his family only go to  school  for the first day every year, then leave, and are very proud of that. The Ewell Family is very ignorant and poor, and their father is awfully mean and the town drunk. Burris (like the rest of his family) is incredibly rude, yet doesn’t know how to be any other way. 2. What did Dill dare Jem to do? Touch the Radley House 3. What was Scout’s first â€Å"crime† at school? Knowing how to read exceptionally well for her age. 4. What was Calpurnia’s fault? Scout said it was  Campania’s  fault that she could write. This also caused trouble for her at  school. Miss Caroline asked Scout to tell her father to stop teaching her. 5. Why did Scout rub Walter Cunningham’s nose in the dirt? Scout stood up for Walter in class and tried to explain the Cunningham ways to Miss Caroline. For her explanations, Scout got in more trouble with Miss Caroline, so she took out  her revenge on Walter. 6. Scout said, † He isn’t company, Cal, he’s just a Cunningham. † What did she mean by that, and what was Cal’s answer? After commenting on Walter’s unusual eating habits Scout was sternly talked to by Calpurnia. You read "To Kill a Mocking Bird Study Guide" in category "Essay examples" When Scout commented that â€Å"he’s just a Cunningham,† it was based on the fact that in Maycomb. The Cunninghams were not looked upon as common townsfolk because of their poor status. She is just repeating what she hears in the community where she lives, and really doesn’t mean any harm by it. Campania’s reply is somewhat rude. She is quick to correct her. â€Å"Hush your mouth. Don’t matter who they are, anybody sets foot in this house’s you company, and don’t let me catch you remarking’ on their ways like you was so high and mighty! You’ folks might be betters’ the Cunninghams but it don’t count for nothing’ the way you’re disgracing’ them – if you can’t act fit to  eat  at the table you can just set here and eat in the kitchen! † 7. What two mistakes did Miss Caroline make on the first day of school? She offered Walter a quarter to get lunch, and 8. Why didn’t the Ewells have to go to school? The Ewell’s were given â€Å"special privileges† like missing school because their father was extremely poor and spent all his money on alcohol. They had a very dysfunctional and nobody really wanted to get involved with them. * Chapters 4-7: 1. What did Scout and Jem find in the Radleys’ tree? 2 Indian head pennies, a spelling bee medal, 2 carved dolls, gum, and a watch 2. Identify Mrs. Dubose. An elderly, ill-tempered, racist woman who lives near the Finches. Although Jem believes that Mrs. Dubose is a thoroughly bad woman, Atticus admires her for the courage with which she battles her morphine addiction. At one point they destroy her flower and rose garden and Atticus has the children go over to her house to read to her / spend time with her as punishment. She eventually passes away, and Jem and Scout understand why she was the way she was. . How did Jem get even with Scout for contradicting him about â€Å"Hot Steams? † When it was her turn to ride in the tire, he gave her an extra-hard shove. She ended up in  the  Riddles’ front yard. 4. What was the Boo Radley game? It was when Dill, Scout and Jem would act out the stories they heard about Boo Radley. It was a mostly fictional game since there was no proof what so ever that what they were acting out really happened. The would always start with Boo (Arthur) getting sentenced to the industrial school but his father not allowing him to go. The climax then always ended with Boo (always played by Jem) stabbing his father (played by Dill) in the leg with a pair of scissors. They played the game until Scout thought that it would offend Boo and made Jem stop. 5. Identify Miss Maudie. Miss Maudie was the nice neighbor who allowed Jem and dill and scout to play on her spacious yard. she is a widow and enjoys working on her garden and baking the kids cake. 6. What does Miss Maudie think of the Radleys? She thinks they have a right to do whatever they want to do as long as they are not bothering  anyone else, and she believes they have a right to their privacy . Why do Dill and Jem want to give Boo Radley a note? What does Atticus say when he finds out about their plan? They want to invite him out to play with them; they think he might enjoy that. Atticus tells  the boys to leave Arthur  Radley  alone, that if he wanted to be outside, he would. Atticus  also tells them that the proper way to extend the invitation woul d be at the Radley  front door instead of putting a note on a fishing pole and sticking that through the  window. 8. How did Jem lose his pants? What did he find when he went back for them? Jem, Scout and Dill went to look into the  Radley  house. When they were discovered, they ran. Jem  got caught on the fence, and in an effort to free  himself, he took off his pants and  left them on the fence. When he went back for them, they were mended and folded, sitting  on the fence. 9. What else did Jem and Scout find in the Radleys’ tree? They found a ball of twine, two figures (resembling themselves) carved from soap, and a broken  watch 10. Why would there be no more surprises in the tree? Because Boo’s older brother filled the hole in the tree with cement so nothing else could be sent back and forth between him and the children. Chapters 8-9: 1. What happened to Miss Maudie’s house? What was her reaction? Maudie’s house burnt down. When it happened, she was very upset, but she was calm. 2. Identify Cecil Jacobs. Cecil Jacobs is the little boy in the schoolyard that told all the kids Scout Finch’s Daddy defends niggers. Scout almost got in a fight with him 3. What â€Å"disaster† happened at Christmas between Scout and Francis? Francis was tormenting Scout saying that here daddy was a â€Å"Nigger Lover†; Scout began to shrug it off because she thought she was too old to fight. But she finally punched Francis. 4.What did Scout’s Uncle Jack learn from Scout and Atticus? He learned to always listen to both sides of the story from Scout. He learned from Atticus that if a child asks you what something means, always tell them. * Chapters 10-11 1. What brave thing does Atticus do in Chapter 10? Why are Scout and Jem shocked? Atticus  shoots a mad dog. They are shocked because until this day, they think of  Atticus as  having no real talents or anything to be proud of. He never touched a gun, to their knowledge, and he did not believe in fighting. Thus, they are very surprised to find out about  Ã¢â‚¬Å"One-Shot Finch. 2. What did Jem do when Mrs. Dubose said Atticus â€Å"lawed for niggers? † He took Scout’s birthday baton and, waving it madly, cut the tops off of all of Mrs. Dubose’s camellia bushes. 3. What was Jem’s punishment? He had to read to her. 4. What did Jem learn from his encounter with Mrs. Dubose and following her death? He learned that people aren’t always what they seem, that one can’t understand someone else  until one has all the facts, and, most importantly, that there is a different kind of courage  than physical courage. * Chapters 12-14 1. How does Jem change? Jem  is growing up. He is trying to make sense of things he sees, trying to be like  Atticus, and  trying to put behind him childish games and youthful pranks. Consequently, he is moody  sometimes and occasionally seems to lord his authority over Scout. She resents his  new â€Å"airs. â€Å" 2. Identify Lula, Zeebo and Reverend Sykes. Lula was the woman at  Calpurnia’s  church who made Scout and  Jem  feel unwelcome. Zeebo,  Cal’s  son,  makes them feel welcome, as does Reverend Sykes, the preacher at Calpurnia’s  church. 3. What does Scout learn about Calpurnia? Scout learns that  Cal  leads a double life. She talks and acts like her black friends and neighbors  when she is with them, and she talks and acts more like white people when she is  with them. Scout thinks this is interesting and asks to visit  Cal  at her home one day. 4. Who was waiting for the children when they came home from the church service? Why had she come? Aunt Alexandra was waiting for them. She had come to stay and â€Å"help out† while  Atticus would  be busy with the Robinson trial. 5. â€Å"Aunt Alexandra fitted into the world of Maycomb like a hand in a glove, but never into the world of Jem and me. † Explain. Alexandra knew all the proper social things to say and do, and she knew a great deal of the  history of the local families. She joined some clubs and entertained at her home, and generally  did fit right into the town’s society. However, Alexandra didn’t understand or agree  with the values by which  Atticus  was raising his children. Therefore, she did not understand  the children’s behavior. Because their value systems were different, they were more  often than not at odds. 6. Atticus and Alexandra disagree about how to deal with the children. How does Atticus handle the situation? Atticus  makes the children obey Alexandra, but he lets them know that their relationship with  him will always be the same as it was. He tries to appease Alexandra when he can, but  on the major issues, he puts his foot down. 7. Describe Jem and Scout’s relationship through these chapters as Jem matures. Jem  and Scout seem to grow apart, but they don’t really. They fuss more often than they had, mostly because Scout resents  Jem’s  telling her what to do. Actually, though, they are still  very close and join forces when their pride is at stake. 8. Why did Dill run away from home back to Maycomb? Dill had everything a boy could want, except his parents didn’t spend any time with him. He didn’t feel like they needed him. He went back to Maycomb because he always saw how much attention Jem and Scout got. He wanted that attention. * Chapters 15-17 1. What did Mr. Heck Tate’s mob want? They wanted to make sure that Atticus and Robinson would be alright 2. What was the purpose of Walter Cunningham’s mob? Cunningham’s mob wanted to get to Tom Robinson to inflict  their own  justice upon him. If that meant they had to beat up  Atticus, they were willing to do that. 3. Why did Mr. Cunningham’s mob leave? Scout,  Jem  and Dill arrived on the scene. Scout came forward, and, while making her entrance  and looking at the crowd, she noticed Mr. Cunningham. She identified him and began  speaking to him on a personal basis, saying she was in his son’s class and that he had  come to lunch. She also reminded him that  Atticus  had done some legal work for him. All of these things were said in an innocent conversation to Mr. Cunningham. How could he hurt this man when his kids were right there? 4. Identify Mr. Dolphus Raymond. Mr. Dolphus  Raymond was a white man who married a black woman and lived with the black  community. Jem  has heard a story that Mr. Raymond is always drunk. However, we  learn later that this is just an act. ) 5. Identify Tom Robinson, Mr. Gilmer, Bob Ewell, Mayella Ewell, and Judge Taylor. Tom Robinson supposedly raped  Mayella  Ewell, Bob  Ewell’s  daughter. Mr. Gilmer is the prosecuting  attorney. Judge Taylor will be the judge during Tom’s trial. 6. What was the importance of Mayella’s bruises being primarily on the right-hand side of her face? Bruises on her right side indicate that a left-handed person inflicted the wounds. * Chapters 18-21 1. What was Mayella’s account of the incident with Tom Robinson? Mayella  said she asked Tom to come into the yard to break up a  chiffarobe. When she went  into the house to get him a nickel, he had followed her in and then he grabbed her around  the neck and hit her. He â€Å"chunked [her] on the floor an’ choked [her] ‘n took advantage  of [her]. † Her father came in and was standing over her, and then she fainted. 2. What was Tom’s side of the story? Mayella  asked Tom to come fix the hinges on the door in the house. Mayella  had saved enough  nickels to send all of the kids out for ice cream so she and Tom would be alone. She asked Tom to climb up on a chair to get a box, and as he stood there, she grabbed him  around the legs. When he hopped down off the chair, she jumped on him. She kissed him  on the side of the face. Tom wanted out and had to push  Mayella  away from the door. She was not hurt. He ran away before Mr. Ewell  could catch him. 3. What was Tom’s handicap? Why was it important to his case? Tom’s left arm had been rendered useless in an accident. He could not have bruised Mayella’s  right side and he more than probably would not have physically been able to force  himself on a strong, violently resisting young woman. 4. What do Dill and Scout learn from Mr. Raymond? Dill and Scout learn that people aren’t always as they appear to be. They learn that Mr. Raymond lives as he does because that’s simply what he wants to do. Since people could never  accept that, he gives them a â€Å"reason to latch onto† so they can accept his behavior. 5. What were Atticus’ closing remarks to the jury? He said there was no medical evidence to suggest that  Mayella  had been raped, that the only  evidence was the questionable testimony of two witnesses. He painted a picture of Mayella  as a victim of poverty and ignorance, a lonely young woman who tempted and kissed  a Negro and then had to get rid of him, the evidence, of her crime against society’s unspoken  laws. He tried to remind the jury of Thomas Jefferson’s words that â€Å"all men are created  equal,† and that their job as a jury was to give a fair trial to the defendant. 6. What was the jury’s verdict? Guilty. * Chapters 22-25 1. Why did Jem cry? He didn’t believe that Tom Robinson was guilty because the jury had no real proof. Also, when Tom was convicted, he was amazed that the people he was raised around and grew up with could be so unjust to a man just because of the color of his skin. 2. What was â€Å"’round the back steps† when Calpurnia came in on Monday morning? The black community had left all kinds of food for  Atticus  and his family as a gesture of their  thanks and respect of him for his defending Tom Robinson. 3. What was the significance of Maudie’s two little cakes and one large one? Maudie  had two little cakes for Scout and Dill, but  Jem  got a slice from the big cake. This was  Maudie’s  symbolic way of saying she accepted  Jem  as a young man instead of a  boy. 4. Describe Bob Ewell’s meeting with Atticus at the post office. Bob  Ewell  wanted to fight with  Atticus. Atticus  just said he was too old to fight, and he walked  away. Bob  Ewell  threatened to get even. 5.What is Atticus’ reaction to Ewell’s threats? He rationally understands that  Ewell  is upset, and he allows Mr. Ewell  the right to be upset. However, he does not believe that Bob  Ewell  would actually do any terrible physical  harm to anyone. 6. Alexandra doesn’t want Scout playing with Walter Cunningham. Why not? Alexandra thinks the  Cunninghams  are trash because they don’t have the â€Å"background† of  the Finches. 7. Jem said. â€Å"I think I’m beginning to understand why Boo Radley’s stayed shut up in the house all this time . . . it’s because he wants to stay inside. † Why does he say that? The world is starting to ook mighty complicated to  Jem. The jury decision, all the talk about  social class and the problem of what exactly â€Å"background† means, and Mr. Raymond’s false drinking problem are all weighing on his mind, and he’s trying to get things  all sorted out with nice, neat definitions. He is learning that things in the real world just  aren’t easy to sort-out and understand. 8. Mrs. Merriweather of the missionary circle complains about her cooks and field hands. What does that tell us about her? As a member of the missionary circle, she is very concerned about the personal welfare of  many Africans, but in her own back yard, Mrs. Merriweather  is as prejudiced as she can  be. 9. What happened to Tom Robinson? Tom was shot when he tried to escape from prison. 10. What more do we learn about Alexandra after Atticus and Calpurnia leave? Alexandra is given a more rounded personality in this section. We see clearly for the first time  that she loves and is concerned for her brother. We see her take the news of Tom’s death  with great difficulty, yet she gathers herself together and carries on with her guests. She seems a bit more human and a bit  more noble  than she has been painted prior to this. 11. What did Mr. Underwood’s editorial say? Alexandra is given a more rounded personality in this section. We see clearly for the first time  that she loves and is concerned for her brother. We see her take the news of Tom’s death  with great difficulty, yet she gathers herself together and carries on with her guests. She seems a bit more human and a bit  more noble  than she has been painted prior to this. * Chapters 26-31 1. What was Scout’s fantasy regarding Arthur (Boo) Radley? 2. What did Scout hear Miss Gates say at the courthouse? In class, Miss Gates said, â€Å"That’s the difference between America and Germany. We are a democracy and Germany is a dictatorship. . . We don’t believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced. † What does this tell us about Miss Gates? 3. What happened to Judge Taylor? 4. What happened to Helen Robinson? 5. What was Scout’s part in the pageant? She was a ham 6. Why did Scout and Jem not leave the school until almost everyone else had gone? 7. What happened to Jem and Scout on the way home from the pageant? Mr. Bob Ewell attacked the kids with a switchblade. 8. Who saved Jem and Scout? Who killed Bob Ewell? Boo Radley saw what was happening and grabbed the kitchen knife. He ran out and stabbed Ewell to death 9. Why did Heck Tate insist that Bob Ewell fell on his own knife? Because if people found out that Boo did it, they would never leave him alone, nor would they understand why he did it. 10. Scout arranged things so that â€Å"if Miss Stephanie Crawford was watching from her upstairs window, she would see Arthur Radley escorting [her] down the sidewalk, as any gentleman would do. † Why did she do that? 11. As Scout leaves the Radley porch, she looks out at the neighborhood and recounts the events of the last few years from the Radleys’ perspective. Why How to cite To Kill a Mocking Bird Study Guide, Essay examples

Technologies Available in Big Data

Question: What Big Data is, and the difference between Online and Offline Big Data ? Answer : Introduction Nowadays, business activities, creativity, and innovation are driven and improved by data. The main idea behind the big data was first initiated over 70 years back. Although, not until recently that companies began to take serious development in information technology (Dhar, 2014). In this report, the history of big data is discussed including the rising attention given to information and data in the healthcare. These are looked into within the context of the four main parts: the regulation, reimbursement, competitiveness, and technological environment of the healthcare sector. The quantity of data captured by the current healthcare system is grouped as big data that is defined as data sets with size that cannot be handled by the normal database system or software tools. The current or normal software tools may find it so hard to capture, store, manipulate and analyze. Definition of Big data Big data can be specifically defined when it is considered to meet the three criteria, for example, volume, variety, and speed. This may mean that data the adequacy of data may be in form of kilobytes, megabytes, terabytes, or petabytes. The Importance of Big data to a business Digital data is far much better than offline data because of its efficiency and accuracy. The speed of retrieval is faster with digital data than offline data. In addition, it is easier to manipulate and edit if need arises. Huge information examination helps associations tackle their data and apply it in recognizing other achievements. Thus, helps the business to move forward and realize productive benefits, and more clients that are joyful. How to select the right Big Data application for your business, project and desired outcomes. Value addition. Large data advancements, for example, Hadoop and cloud-based assessment bring down cost and make it favorable in terms of implementation and maintenance. Proper and efficient management. With the quick speed of and enough memory, coupled with the volume to simplify new aspects of information, companies can manipulate data quickly and choose the right ones that will fit their desire. What are the technologies available in Big Data Current items for administrations. The clients requirements can be evaluated through proper set procedures that are able to outsmart the old channels. These are only possible if the latest technology is put into consideration. Business administrators occasionally ask, "Isn't 'huge information' simply means 'examination'?" It is true that they are related: Huge information growth, as investigation for the latter, aims to collect ideas from information and interpret it into business language to benefit the business. In 2012, about 3 Exabyte of data could be manufactured daily, and that number is increaing at regular intervals or thereabouts. A large quantity of information is available on the web sites on daily basis. This allows companies to use amount of information in a solitary informational collectionand not particularly on the web site. For example, it is evaluated that Wal-Mart collects higher amount of data daily from its client works. Speed Speed of delivering information can be as important as volume in other programs. Continuous or on-going information enables the organization to be at the top of its competitors. For example, Alex "Sandy" Pentland and his gathering at the university lab made use of area ideas from cell phones to derive how many individuals participated in an event (Big Data Literature Search, 2014). This made it conceivable to assess the retailer's deals on that basic day even before the data is recorded. Variety Enormous information look like texts, updates, and photos shown on interpersonal organizations; recordings on sensing gargets; GPS signals on cell phones, and that are only the tip of the iceberg. A large part of enormous information is moderately current. The gigantic measurement of information under informal communities, for example, are old systems; Facebook was propelled in 2004, Twitter in 2006. Similar holds for cell phones and the other cell phones that now give tremendous floods of information fixing to individuals, exercises, and areas. Since these gadgets are universal, it is anything but difficult to overlook that the iPhone was disclosed just five years back, and the iPod in 2010. Subsequently, the organized databases that put away most corporate data as of not long ago are ill-suited to putting away and preparing huge information. In the meantime, the consistently declining expenses of the considerable number of components of registeringstockpiling, memory, handling, tra nsfer speed, et ceteraimply that already costly information escalated methodologies are rapidly getting to be distinctly spring (Dh?r, 2014). Figure: Components of Big Data and Analytics With the digitization of businesses, improvement in data manipulation and cheap hardware are here with us: here, data is computed using computers to speed up the operations of the businesses. Cell phones, web based shopping, informal organizations, video conferences among others, all create deluges in information because of the standards in operation. Each of us is presently a moving information producer. This information can be (Bughin, 2016). Information or data may be in large and unstructured volume and of different types that may not be easily grouped or sorted. In the healthcare sector, big data is seen as having the ability to change the relationship that links the patients with the health providers and it is further linked to the history of events, for instance, the revolution of electronic gadgets. This revolution may be considered as great as the first and second industrial revolutions (Handler, 2014). It is believed that there has been a direct link between the expenditure in the health facilities and application of big data. A company that employs big data in its operations has a reduced spending. However, the most important useful data may be seen as effective measures of collecting, managing, storing, and analyzing them. This data can then be used in a number of areas ranging from clinical lab to varied diagnostic tests, quality outcome indicators, finances, medication and giving orders, consultations, among o thers. A research carried out in 2012 estimates that below 3% of the useful big data undergo any kind of analysis (IEEE Transactions on Big Data, 2015). The inherent challenge arises when there is a poor or inaccurate interpretation of the wider variety of diagnostic information and medical technologies used across the healthcare sector as a whole in recent days. For instance, the interpretation of condition of medication such as high blood pressure could also be interpreted as hypertension a raised blood pressure (Bhatt, Dey and Ashour, 2017). In connection with this process of analyzing and making the data valid, the healthcare sector is faced with problems of reimbursement of services and purchase methodologies. The process is also dependent on the willingness of providers to alter the practice to make use of big data to improve evidence-based care as opposed to self-clinical judgment (Williamson, 2014). The additional disadvantage arises when the utilization of big data becomes inherent fragmentation caused by the caused by the latest infrastructure of the healthcare delivery systems. Some entities usually work in consideration of information being involved, which improves the sharing of data that would positively impact the coordination and inclusion of care across different providers. However, with the increased inclusion of care, the spread of big data, providers, and users, keep concerns on information of health insurance and accountability act (Kirkpatrick, 2013). Despite the many disadvantages of the adoption of big data in healthcare, the sector is being subjected to more and more regulations requiring reporting and sharing of information that results from big data that is under coll ection or requisition for use. Business Impact of Big Data The big data can be harnessed and used in healthcare, for instance in the implementation of electronic health records, mandatory reports of healthcare quality outcomes and indicators, and increasing adoption of the development of mobile health services provided across the country. The mobile healthcare is meant to increase the efficiency and access to health services efficiently and in time (Dumbill, 2013). All these development in healthcare services would need the use of big data to ensure appropriate delivery of services within and outside the sector. The work of big data is diverse and without limit, the boundaries of within which the healthcare providers and health enterprises operate are increasing and thus the big data technology is necessary for all the important steps taken to improve the sector. However, there always exist some hindrances to the full adoption of technology for the use of big data to improve costs and enhance savings as well. Organizational Impact of Big Data So to take an excursion through Big Data in social insurance, how about we begin toward the starting before we even get sick. With the applications of big data in the health facilities, we can easily gauge the amount of activities that are beneficial to our health. Those activities can be measured in terms of data and information provided or kept in the data base systems. (Pyne, Prakasa Rao, and Rao, 2016). In future, this information may be beneficial to people who are responsible in enacting policies and this also help in gathering and reporting issues before they actually take place (Chang, 2015). This is prompting to historic work, regularly by associations amongst therapeutic and technology gurus, with the ability to see ahead and differentiate issues early enough. Someone recently framed case of such a company as the Pittsburgh Health Data Alliance (Bakker, Aarts and Redekop, 2016). It intends to take information from varied fields, (for instance, therapeutic and prevention records, inherited information, and web-based social network use) to come up with a complete and viable of the client, to offer a custom-made human services bundle. That individual's information will not be dealt with in confinement (Craven and Page, 2015). It will be thought about and simplified by several others, describing specific dangers and related issues by examples that develop within the examination. Thus, empowers refined prescient displaying to happen an expert will have the ability to look at the feasibility and do a valuation in order to gather information about patients with the same probl ems. Such projects, for instance health insurance, will enable the business to improve in its delivery as well as creating an atmosphere that the workers will enjoy. Conclusion Information and data in social insurance is being used to expect scourges, treat sicknesses, improve self-actualization and keep distances from this that can be prevented. With the growing population, it is necessary that information is well organized in form of data. This will ensure an improvement in how issues are handled and at the same time raises the integrity of the processes that are being driven by information (Krishnan, 2013). Accessibility of data should as fast as possible, this has been made easy through technology that ensures that different data however huge it may be, can be easily reached and manipulated as need arises. Big data is helpful to organizations because it makes it easy for the management to keep track of everything that happens within and without the company. It is easy to keep records and retrieve stored data as faster as need arises. Moreover, keeping inventory and planning for everything becomes as easy as a click of a mouse. References Big Data Literature Search. (2014). Big Data, 2(4), pp.230-232. Bughin, J. (2016). Big data, Big bang. Journal of Big Data, 3(1). Bakker, L., Aarts, J., and Redekop, W. (2016). Is Big Data in Healthcare about Big Hope or Big Hype? Early Health Technology Assessment of Big Data Analytics in Healthcare. The value in Health, 19(7), p.A705. Bhatt, C., Dey, N. and Ashour, A. (2017). Internet of things and big data technologies for next generation healthcare. 1st ed. Cham: Springer. Chang, H. (2015). Book Review: Data-Driven Healthcare Analytics in a Big Data World. Healthcare Informatics Research, 21(1), p.61. Craven, M. and Page, C. (2015). Big Data in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges. Big Data, 3(4), pp.209-210. Dhar, V. (2014). Healthcare and Data: An Interview with Peter Szolovits. Big Data, 2(4), pp.182-184. Dhar, V. (2014). Why Big Data = Big Deal. Big Data, 2(2), pp.55-56. Dumbill, E. (2013). Big Data is Rocket Fuel. Big Data, 1(2), pp.71-72. Dumbill, E. (2013). Making Sense of Big Data. Big Data, 1(1), pp.1-2. Hendler, J. (2014). Data Integration for Heterogeneous Datasets. Big Data, 2(4), pp.205-215. IEEE Transactions on Big Data. (2015). IEEE Transactions on Big Data, 1(1), pp.47-47. Kirkpatrick, R. (2013). Big Data for Development. Big Data, 1(1), pp.3-4. Krishnan, K. (2013). Data Warehousing in the Age of Big Data. 1st ed. Chennai: Morgan Kaufmann. Pyne, S., Prakasa Rao, B. and Rao, S. (2016). Big data analytics. 1st ed. New Delhi, India: Springer. Williamson, J. (2014). Getting a Big Data Job For Dummies. 1st ed. Hoboken: Wiley.

Understanding Atticus Finch Essay Example

Understanding Atticus Finch Essay Understanding Atticus In the old movie The Breakfast Club, Bender is dangerous and this makes him memorable. He does things people normally wouldn’t do. For example do drugs or yell at a teacher. In Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird, one of the most interesting characters is Atticus Finch. Atticus is smart, brave, and wise. Atticus Finch is a smart man. First of all he is a lawyer. To be a lawyer you have to solve puzzles and fight for someone’s innocence. The quote â€Å"Mr. Ewell can you read and write? ( ) shows the detail and thought he out into the questioning. Also Atticus never went to school. His dad taught him, and he is still smarter than most the people in Maycomb. Lastly he taught Scout how to read before she had even entered school. It’s because of Atticus Scout loves to read. These are all examples of why Atticus is smart. Another good quality Atticus Finch has is that he is brave. The first example of this is when he defends Tom Robi nson. Its daring because Tom is black and every white person in town thinks whites are more superior to blacks. This ticks off some people in town because to have a white person defend a black person is out of line! Another example of why Atticus is brave is because he shoots Tim Johnson. Tim had rabies and when Atticus risked himself he saved the rest of the town from distress. The last reason is because he sat in front of the local jail. He did it to protect Tom from the mob that were going to try to hurt Tom because the trial is the next day. These are all reasons why Atticus is brave. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Atticus Finch specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Atticus Finch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Atticus Finch specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

“Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe”. Essay Essays

â€Å"Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe†. Essay Essays â€Å"Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe†. Essay Essay â€Å"Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe†. Essay Essay â€Å"Poor Peoples would be better off if they had fewer kids to feed and clothe† . The competency of the hapless in rise uping kids will ever be a impression of concern in every society. notably in the Caribbean part. Sadly. we suffer from different economic and societal developmental issues which dates back as far to the issue of independency from our colonial provinces with the exclusion of some Gallic Caribbean states such as ; Martinique. Guadeloupe. St. Martin and British Virgin Islands. However. most states are plagued with the devil of unemployment courtesy of the fluctuating economic system in the universe at big and in the West. Most states besides suffer from encephalon drain taking back to the slow economic system. For each society to be efficaciously studied. one has to travel beyond the surface and dissect the state of affairs. as cells are to the organic structure so are people to the society/ state that we live in. hence the importance of population surveies in happening out issues that plague the society. further taking us to the subject of treatmen t and rating today which is â€Å" Poor people would be better off if they had fewer kids to feed and clothe† . There is no uncertainty in my head that this statement is so factual. Poor by definition agencies holding small or no money. goods or agencies of support. Therefore if I was hapless and I had less dependants to worry about I would be better off holding fewer kids to feed and apparels. and if I should take the autonomy of pulling your imaginativeness to the world of holding the duty to besides direct multiple kids to school and supply them with technological advancements†¦ hapless people are 120 % better off if they had less duty. The rich nevertheless. make non endure from the achings of holding excessively much kids or excessively small because in kernel they can last this predicament. For this impression of response. the author will be pulling cognition from the Malthusian theory and besides the Neo – Malthusian and Marxist theory. but for now allow us concentrate a spot on the Mathus political orientation and how effectual it is on the rating of the population growing and tendencies. Thomas Malthus. the laminitis of this theory postulates that if the population continues to turn quickly. so the effects would be damaging. he pointed this out in his celebrated treatise. He states that the population increases in geometric proportions ( 2. 4. 6. 8 ) while the nutrient resources available for them would merely increase arithmetically i. vitamin E 1. 2. 3†¦ in simple words if the human population was â€Å"allowed† to increase at a faster rate than the nutrient supply. a point would come when nutrient beginnings couldn’t back up the turning population. Malthus in his thought doubted the inventiveness of world and engineering and even though his theory is non precisely incorrect it doesn’t needfully suit the Caribbean position. Food and apparels are available yes. but do we all have the capital to buy these goods to do life comfortable? Further taking us to believing of Karl Marx who is hell set on that it is the inequality of the opinion cate gory that causes poorness. malnutrition. offense and hungriness. This would be solved if just chances were given to other people and non merely those with wealth running through their venas ; this theory fits in to the Caribbean society today. The opinion would be the politicians and those who are apart of large organisations. These are the people whose kids are better off in life and they besides receive heavy rewards and they perform less burdensome work. Compared to the in-between category and lower workers. who work for such unjust rewards. Therefore taking to the underdevelopment of the destitute and certain population tendencies such as the heavy migration degrees in each state. This farther leads to the loss of human development because the people who leave their place states for better occupation chances and betterments in life criterions leave a spread in the society which the authorities has to make full. bing more. The issue of offense and aberrance in the society can be related to holding hapless back evidences and broken places. particularly juvenile delinquency. The author took it upon herself to measure these deductions and to the extent at which they are true and I came across a household in my community who can be considered as hapless. This household life in one 2 sleeping room house. wit h an outside bathroom and kitchen has 35 people populating in it. In this household there are 2 people over 60 old ages old. their 4 kids and their children’s many kids. Each kid has no less than 5 kids and to add all of them are without male parents. as they have refused to take up their duties. It is sad to state that these sisters have non obtained an instruction higher than a secondary degree. and so they are virtually unemployed with the exclusion of one sister who is a domestic assistant. They are besides populating without electricity and running H2O. We were asked to measure the population in relation to development. How precisely development is possible when surrounded in state of affairs such as these? In most instances such as these. the kids like the 1s in my community will stop up go forthing school and history will reiterate itself. other state of affairss such as aberrant behaviour and teenage gestation will besides gyrate out of control taking to an uneffective society full of dead persons. who will merely finally weigh the economic system down. increase in revenue enhancement to back up public assistance systems. a low GDP rate. addition in condemnable activities and even prematurely deceases. The wellness attention of these less fortunate are besides at inte rest. As persons how can we halt the on-going wretchedness of an overpopulated society. offense and aberrance. wellness attention lacks. encephalon drain. hungriness and the rhetorical rhythm of unemployment? Well there are several organisation which seeks to relief the hapless such as UNICEF and Food for the hapless. who are ever present when natural catastrophes ( hurricanes. temblors. vents ) wreaks mayhem in states. orphanhoods and in the instance of dire demands and physically challenged. In Jamaica there is besides the PATH plan which was instituted to assist kids who are traveling to school. pupils on this plan receive a monthly stipend. wellness attention and tiffin at school. a large aid to most. Besides. if they excel academically. they are awarded scholarships to go on their district instruction. Now back to Malthus. who has his solution which takes the signifier of moral restraint. The use of utilizing birth control methods ( contraceptives/ rubbers ) or merely merely abstaining from sexual activity until one is ready emotionally and economically. acquiring married older. spacing kids and holding less kids. These methods when combined will swerve the turning population and make more productive persons. the hapless would be able to take advantage of the aid they are having and they will so be able to acquire an effectual occupation which will assist them to go less dependent on the society to take attention of them. therefore hapless people would be better off because in kernel they wouldn’t be hapless once more.

What historically (historical facts) inspired Patrick Henry to write Essay

What historically (historical facts) inspired Patrick Henry to write the speech Give me liberty or give me death - Essay Example One of the reasons for popularity the speech and the folk hero status of its speaker emerges from his firebrand persona – he was not so much an intellectual as he was an impassioned leader of men. For example, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson – prominent founding fathers – were both prolific writers. A compilation of their work brings up a tally of close to hundred volumes. While Washington and Jefferson were also known for their engaging public addresses, it was their writing prowess that would remain as lasting legacy. Patrick Henry, on the other hand, was not part of the pre-independence political establishment in America. He was one among the masses. The popular appeal of the person and his words is attributable to this heritage of Patrick Henry. It is in this context that poet Lord Byron referred to Henry as ‘the forest-born Demosthenes’ (Eddlem, 1990). Henry Stephens Randall, a clergyman, was present during Patrick Henry’s speech. He gives a first-hand account of the atmosphere during the speech. His account is consistent with the widely held view of Patrick Henry being a firebrand orator and an inspirational public speaker. According to Randall, "Henry rose with an unearthly fire burning in his eye. He commenced somewhat calmly, but the smothered excitement began more and more to play upon his features and thrill in the tones of his voice.

Psychology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology - Personal Statement Example Explaining this fact we see that, on the one hand, it was ethical because it followed the guidelines of a special Stanford ethics committee that allowed and approved it. Experiment’s participants were told that they would be assigned either the role of the guard, or the role of the prisoner in a completely random manner, and they all volunteered to play any of these roles for $ 15 a day for a period not exceeding two weeks. They signed a contract guaranteeing them a minimally adequate diet, clothing, shelter and medical care, as well as monetary rewards, and instead signed an ‘intention’ to perform an interim role during the whole experiment. On the other hand, it was unethical because the participants-prisoners were forced to stay in a simulated prison for the whole day during the study period and they were suffered, being humiliated by their fellows over the period of the experiment. Continuing the discussion of this ethical question we can mention that it was n ot right to trade ‘sufferings’ experienced by participants for the knowledge gained by the research, and understanding this fact the experiment was stopped mush earlier.

Amistad movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Amistad movie - Essay Example Before getting into the ship La Amistad, the Africans were first kept in Havana, Cuba slave market where buyers and sellers make a bid for the price of the slaves. This is a heart breaking scene because the people who guarded the Africans were also Africans. Their conditions were horrible and inhumane. In La Amistad, the Africans made a successful mutiny and killed every one of their captors except for two who dupe them into going to America instead of Africa. Their conditions however in that ship that transported them to Havana, Cuba and La Amistad were terrible. Probably, the security in La Amistad is a little lenient because Cinque was able to free himself from the shackles and took over the ship. But prior to that, they were treated worse than animals. It began when they first boarded the ship that abducted them from their homes in West Africa. Upon boarding, a whip greeted them and when they got restless, one of the officers of the ship took out his pistol and randomly shot the Africans and hit a woman dead. But that is not the most horrific sight of death. Before arriving in Havana, Cuba, there were undesirable slaves who were tied to a rope that has rocks as an anchor. The idea was to throw the rock-anchor at the bottom of the sea and with it are the slaves who are tied to the rope. It was a heart wrenching scene where actual human beings struggled not to go down with the rope. There was also this dramatic scene where a woman held a baby whose mother died a night before. At its backdrop were African women being molested and rape by the crew of the ship where some of the men were whipped to death. Seeing this, the woman was not able to take it anymore and fell herself off the ship together with the baby. The starvation also that the African endured was heartbreaking as they scrambled for the ration that was given to them. Their rations would

Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army

Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å"Terrorism is the price of empire. If you do not wish to pay the price, you must give up the empire.† PAT BUCHANAN, Where the Right Went Wrong 1. Six decades after its independence Pakistan continues to search for a durable and credible identity. Pakistans rulers constantly strive to show how Pakistan is equal to, if not better than India in all respects. The complex psychology of the Pakistani ruling elite is dominated by the military. Even after more than three and a half decades, the role in the creation of Bangladesh continues to rankle, with the Pak Army in search of ‘revenge for its humiliating defeat in 1971. The mindset of the Pak Army is a cocktail of arrogance and brashness, at times bordering on cockiness, which becomes even more potent with the addition of a measure of a fundamentalism. 2. The Pak Army sees itself as the dominant power in Pakistan has always enjoyed a larger than life status in socio-political fabric of the country. Democratic regimes have not survived and people represented institutions remain weak in Pakistan. It is difficult to comment authoritatively on whether it is the weak political leadership which is responsible for the democratic failures or the overpowering army which has led to military coups in Pakistan. However, what is certain is this, whenever the position of Pak Army has got threatened they have managed to come back into focus as ‘saviours of the nation by destabilising the Indo-Pak relations. 3. The Pak Armys single minded pursuit of its proxy war for over a decade clearly indicates its long-term game planned to destabilize India by keeping the pot boiling in Kashmir, keeping the Indian Army and other security forces embroiled in counter insurgency operations and, more recently, to extend the area of engagement to other parts of India through wanton acts of terrorism in or around high value targets. In short the Pak Armys strategy is to bleed India through a thousand cuts. For Pak Army it is a win-win situation as there is an element of deniability about its involvement. The Pakistani Generals, are convinced that their bleed-India strategy is a low-cost, high pay off option for Pakistan and, therefore, they are loathe to give it up.[1] What Gives Pak Army Confidence to Wage Covert War? 4. A brutal confidence underlies Pakistans continuing commitment to a strategy of waging war by proxy. This confidence is founded on two pillars. The first is the belief in the Pakistan Armys ability to crush any insurgency if it really decides to do so. This conviction was expressed most clearly in General Pervez Musharrafs statement in 2005 to the insurgents in Balochistan that he would sort them out and that they wont know what hit them. 5. The second source of confidence is Pakistans nuclear weapons. Many in Pakistans army and political leadership believe that these weapons protect Pakistan from the outside world. Indian restraint during both the 1999 Kargil War and during the 2001-2002 OP PARAKRAM after the militant attack on Indias Parliament, is an evidence of the power of Pakistans nuclear card. This was evident again after the Mumbai attacks on 26 Nov 2008.[2] 6. Many—if not all—of the militant groups active in JK have enjoyed the specific patronage of the Pakistani state intelligence and military agencies to prosecute Islamabads interests in India.[3] 7. This dissertation seeks to carry out a study of the conduct of cross border terrorism by Pak Army, estimate its future contours suggest suitable responses. Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY â€Å"Terrorism is the tactic of demanding the impossible, and demanding it at gunpoint.† CHRISTOPHER HITCHENS, Terrorism: Notes Toward a Definition Statement of the Problem 1. To identify analyse role of Pak Army in creating dissonance in Indo- Pak relations by sponsoring cross border terrorism against India. To suggest Indias response to counter this threat. Hypothesis 2. With power now in hands of civilian establishment the Pak Army is finding itself in a vulnerable position and is gradually losing its commanding status. To regain their image as ‘guardian angels of the country they are resorting to destabilising Indo-Pak relations by triggering violent terror incidents. 3. The Pak Army attributes all such incidents as being carried out by ‘non-state actors and ‘freedom fighters, while the truth is that Pak Army along with ISI is directly involved in promoting cross border terrorism. Justification of the Study 4. Pak Army continues unabated in its quest to destabilise India through covert means. The investigations into the recent attacks in Mumbai have also revealed a clear link between the Pak Army and the non- state actors and yet the true propagators (read ISI) of the violence are yet to be brought to book. The more India talks in front of the whole world about it, the more denials come from Pakistan, in the light of these facts, it is essential that India must take concrete steps to counter Pak Army support to terrorists who wage covert war against India also unveil its true colours to the world community. Scope 5. The focus of this study is on Pak Armys use of radical Islamic Fundamentalism terrorism as a military strategy to create dissonance in Indo-Pak relations. The emphasis is on role of Pak Army in the recent Mumbai attacks. The study further analyses the likely contours of future covert war methods and concludes by suggesting various options with India to counter the new emerging threat. The dissertation does not cover Pak Army role in raising the ‘Taliban and its so called ongoing war against terrorism and only concentrate on the events and actions that destabilise Indo- Pak relations. Method of Data Collection 6. The source of this dissertation has been the books, periodicals and articles available in the library of Defence Services Staff College. The web sites of IDSA, USI, and several other Indian dailies on the Internet also have been a great help. The bibliography is appended at the end of the text. Organisation of study 7. It is proposed to study the subject by analysing and evaluating the following aspects:- (a) Understanding terrorism. (b) Cross Border Terrorism: An Alternative Military Strategy. (c) Pak Army Sponsored Cross Border Terrorism. (d) Future Contours Suggested Responses. (e) Conclusion. Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER III UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM â€Å"In an interconnected world, the defeat of international terrorism and most importantly, the prevention of these terrorist organizations from obtaining weapons of mass destruction will require the cooperation of many nations. We must always reserve the right to strike unilaterally at terrorists wherever they may exist. But we should know that our success in doing so is enhanced by engaging our allies so that we receive the crucial diplomatic, military, intelligence, and financial support that can lighten our load and add legitimacy to our actions. This means talking to our friends and, at times, even our enemies.† BARACK OBAMA Defining Terrorism 1. Virtually any especially abhorrent act of violence perceived as directed against society—whether it involves the activities of antigovernment dissidents or governments themselves, organized-crime syndicates, common criminals, rioting mobs, people engaged in militant protest, individual psychotics, or lone extortionists—is often labeled â€Å"terrorism.† 2. Terrorism, in the most widely accepted contemporary usage of the term, is fundamentally and inherently political. It is also ineluctably about power: the pursuit of power, the acquisition of power, and the use of power to achieve political change. Terrorism is thus violence—or, equally important, the threat of violence—used and directed in pursuit of, or in service of, apolitical aim.[4] State Sponsored Terrorism 3. One of the most authoritative studies by Daniel Byman, a leading scholar on terrorism defines state sponsorship as â€Å"a governments intentional assistance to a terrorist group to help it use violence, bolster its political activities, or sustain [its] organization.† [5]His research identifies six areas in which states provide support to terrorists—training and operations; money, arms, and logistics; diplomatic backing; organizational assistance; ideological direction; and (perhaps most importantly) sanctuary.[6] Byman argues that terrorist groups which receive significant amounts of state support are far more difficult to counter and destroy than those which do not.[7] 4. However, it is also important to note that there are several types of state sponsorship of terrorism: â€Å"strong supporters† are states with both the desire and the capacity to support terrorist groups; â€Å"weak supporters† are those with the desire but not the capacity to offer significant support; â€Å"lukewarm supporters† are those that offer rhetorical but little actual tangible support; and â€Å"antagonistic supporters† are those that actually seek to control or even weaken the terrorist groups they appear to be supporting. Another category Byman examines is passive support, whereby states â€Å"deliberately turn a blind eye to the activities of terrorists in their countries but do not provide direct assistance.† [8] A states tolerance of or passivity toward a terrorist groups activities, he argues, is often as important to their success as any deliberate assistance they receive. Open and active state sponsorship of terrorism is rare, and it has decreased since the end of the Cold War. Yet this lack of open support does not necessarily diminish the important role that states play in fostering or hindering terrorism. 5. At times, the greatest contribution a state can make to a terrorists cause is by not policing a border, turning a blind eye to fundraising, or even Combating the Sources and Facilitators of Terrorism tolerating terrorist efforts to build their organizations, conduct operations, and survive. Passive support for terrorism can contribute to a terrorist groups success in several ways. It often allows a group to raise money, acquire arms, plan operations, and enjoy a respite from the counterattacks of the government it opposes. Passive support may also involve spreading an ideology that assists a terrorist group in its efforts to recruit new members.[9] Benefits to State Sponsored Terrorists 6. For the terrorist, the benefits of state sponsorship were even greater. Such a relationship appreciably enhanced the capabilities and operational capacity of otherwise limited terrorist groups, placing at their disposal the resources of an established nation-states entire diplomatic, military, and intelligence apparatus and thus greatly facilitating planning and intelligence. The logistical support provided by states assured the terrorists of otherwise unobtainable luxuries, such as the use of diplomatic pouches for the transport of weapons and explosives, false identification in the form of genuine passports, and the use of embassies and other diplomatic facilities as safe houses or staging bases. State sponsorship also afforded terrorists greater training opportunities; thus some groups were transformed into entities more akin to elite commando units than to the stereotypical conspiratorial cell of anarchists wielding Molotov cocktails or radicals manufacturing crude pipe bombs. Finally, terrorists were often paid handsomely for their services, turning hitherto financially destitute entities into well-endowed organizations with investment profiles and healthy balance sheets.[10] The Four Stages of Terrorism 7. The terrorist tactics though essentially focuses on creating terror through violence has evolved over a period of time. 1980s-1990s: Era of backyard Islamicist Struggles 8. During this time the focus was on overthrowing specific regions, like the non democratic governments of Algeria and Egypt, or fighting countries seen to be occupying Muslim lands like Israel and India. (a) Spectacular Example. Assassination of Anwar Sadat of Egypt in 1981 was probably the most famous terrorist act of this period. (b) Preferred Tactics. Mimicking the methods of secular left wing and nationalist terrorist groups like the Palestinian Fatah or the Irish Republican Army. This generally involved hijacking of aircraft, assassination of political s and kidnapping of foreigners. Few of these attacks had much of a ripple outside the region that they took place. These acts were largely seen as a local law and order issue rather than an international menace. 1990s- 2001: Rise of Spectacular Jihad 9. This period saw the arrival of Osama Bin Laden and the Egyptian Ayman al Zawahri on the scene. These men argued that local islamicist struggles need to combine force so they can replicate soviet defeat in Afghanistan. (a) Successful Attack. 9/11, the worlds most lethal and media-friendly terrorist attack. It was preceded by attacks on US warships and embassies in Africa and Persian gulf. (b) Preferred Tactics. 9/11 stamps suicide bombing as the preferred jihadi tactic but also raised the bar on how spectacular the attack must be From roughly 2002 onwards there was a huge surge in suicide bombings across the world, spreading into places like Kashmir, Chechnya and so on where they had previously been rare. 2001-2007: Maturing of Local Guerrilla Terrorism 10. Losing its Afghan base al Qaeda turned to local jihad affiliates to keep up the momentum of attack. Transit attacks in Madrid and London took place. But US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan provided a new outlet for jihadi wrath. Abu Musab al Zarqawi replaced Bin Laden as the terrorist of the moment. (a) Successful Attack. The entire campaign against US military in Iraq which soured the US public to the war and lead to a consensus on the need for the US to withdraw from Iraq as soon as possible. (b) Preferred Tactics. In Europe it was bomb in the bus or terror on the train. In Iraq it is a more straight forward guerilla style war with roadside explosives devices, suicide bombers. Zarqawi introduced shocking media footage such as the execution video of Daniel Pearl. 2008: Possible start of Global Terrorism 11. Suicide Bombing hurts al Qaeda Sentiment among mainstream Islam. Surveys have shown declining support for such tactics since 2005 onwards. Further it is getting increasingly ineffective against new security methods and in terms of winning media attention. (a) Tactical Experiment. The use of small bands of suicide fighters, trained like professional soldiers, who simultaneously strike local and global targets. Mumbai is now being seen as the most intricately coordinated and most successful islamicist terrorist attack since 9/11. This could well be the dawn of new era of such terrorism. [11] Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER IV CROSS BORDER TERRORISM : AN ALTERNATIVE MILITARY STRATEGY â€Å"In the South Asian context, talks on conventional military confidence building cannot be divorced from terrorism. The route of the escalatory process is militancy.† BHARAT KARNAD 1. The Pakistani military leadership believes the terrorist threat is an incentive to India to come to the negotiating table; without it India will simply ignore Pakistans calls for a resolution of the issue. Terrorism also poisons Hindu-Muslim relations and weakens the foundations of Indias secularism. It affects the image of India as an investment destination, which would explain the terror attacks in cities like Bangalore and Mumbai. It panders to extremist lobbies within Pakistan whose declared ambition is to break up India from within. The repeated attacks on Hindu religious places is intended to provoke a communal backlash against the Muslims, in the expectation that this will engender greater Muslim alienation, leading eventually to the tearing up of the social fabric of India.[12] 2. Terrorism has become an institution in Pakistan and has widespread support. Its army and intelligence services consider it a strategic weapon. After each terrorist strike, the Pakistani government cleverly dodges international pressure by temporarily clamping down on terrorism until the focus shifts away. It never completely eliminates this menace.[13] 3. Post Mumbai, Ironic as it may seem the Pakistan Army has gained in an important way. The crisis has gone some way in building bridges between the militant groups and the Pakistan military. Their historical relationship, which had broken down in several ways, is on the mend. Taliban groups in the tribal areas battling Pakistani security forces offered ceasefires so that troops could devote all their energies on what was built up as a coming war on the eastern front. They even offered to fight alongside the troops against India. [14] Cost to Pakistan to Support Cross Border Terrorism 4. Pakistan officially accepts that it is providing diplomatic, political and moral support to Kashmiri militants. However, it is now internationally accepted that the Pakistan army and the ISI Directorate are providing military training, weapons, military equipment, ammunition and explosives to the militants, besides financial support. The ISI spends approximately Rs 5 Crore per month for its proxy war campaign. The Pakistan Army also actively assists the militants to infiltrate into jK by engaging Indian posts on the LC along the routes of infiltration with artillery and small arms fireand provides a large number of officers to lead the militants.[15] The Pak ‘Terror Machine 5. How did the present day terror infrastructure originate? The answer this question can be found in the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The invasion provided Pakistan Army an opportunity to reconstruct its professional image which had considerably tarnished as a consequence of 1971 war and dismemberment of Pakistan. In 1981, when the Reagan administration agreed to support the Afghan Mujahideen and US military assistance to Pakistan began to filter in. It helped the military to build its professional image. The planning and coordination of Afghan resistance movement was done in close collaboration with US intelligence agencies and the Inter Service Intelligence(ISI) of Pakistan. While supporting, training and organizing the various Afghan Guerrilla Bands the ISI built its reputation and skills as a professional organisation. In the process, the ISI enhanced its intelligence and surveillance capabilities. The Zia regime at that time also availed this opportunity to embark on a program to modernize the armed forces of Pakistan. The regime was able to strike a deal with Reagan administration for the procurement of sophisticated F-16 fighter planes. It was also able to procure some artillery and armoured equipment for the army. Consequently the Afghan war and US military aid did facilitate the moderenisation of the Pakistan military. This helped the Military to bolster its professional image.[16] 6. Neither the Americans, stung and exhausted after the wars of the CIA and the armed forces in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, nor the Saudis, who hate to get involved in fighting anywhere, wanted to commit their own forces. So they let Pakistans ISI do the donkey work. The ISI, controlled directly by President Zia al-Haq and influenced on the ground by affluent Arab organizations close to the Muslim Brothers and Pakistans Islamist groups, ran the war against the Russians. Many billions of dollars to fund it came from the United States, the Saudi treasury, and finally as the conflict was winding down, from the resources of financiers like the Saudi construction tycoon Osama bin Laden, who effectively privatized global terrorism in the 1990s.[17] 7. The fundamentalist groups which were trained initially for Afghan war were indoctrinated to believe that it is their religious duty to kill unbelievers and their supporters wherever they are found. Funded by the ISI and religion- based political parties of Pakistan, they are armed with sophisticated weaponery.[18] It is well known that the ISI had surreptitiously siphoned off up to 40-50 % of the weapons supplied by the CIA for use by the Afghan Mujahideen against Russia. These weapons have eventually found their way into JK.[19] It is not as well known that towards the end of Afghan resistance against Russian occupation, ‘mullah warlords had taken over the cultivation and processing of poppy along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. Since then, the illicit trade in narcotics has been generating hefty profits. These are being ploughed into fuelling terrorism in JK and in supporting the Taliban in Afghanistan. This vicious politician-mulla-ISI-army racket suited the ruling elite in Pakistan and is a major cause of continuing war in Afghanistan and terrorism in Kashmir.[20] 8. The sketch below shows the movement of CIA/ISI trained guerrillas out of Afghanistan after driving out Soviet Union from Afghanistan. Islamic Fundamentalism Pak Army 9. From the early days, the secular apolitical army that the British left behind deviated in Pakistan from the basic tenets of professionalism and began to intervene in politics and governance aided by the bureaucratic class( later to be simply used by the army) and the incompetence of the political elites. The army defined the parameters of national policy and the means by which it was to be pursued even when it was not in direct control of state. It also began from the very beginning to rely on clandestine covert war, executed through multiple means and tactics, while following up with traditional professional military forces for a coup de grace when it wanted.[21] 10. When General Zia ul Haq came to power he did not take too long to reveal his religious political outlook. He was brisk in replacing the Jinnahs motto of Pakistan Army- Unity, Faith Discipline with Faith, Piety Holy War (Jihad).[22] In his opening speech, after the take over he, extended two reasons for military intervention. Firstly the country was on threshold of a civil war. Secondly Islam had not been effectively put into practice in Pakistani society.[23] Zia ul Haq after assuming power lent his support and affinity with the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) protest movement. PNA was an alliance of nine parties to throw out Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and they promised to bring back Islamic laws. â€Å"I must say that the spirit of Islam, demonstrated during the recent movement was commendable. It proves that Pakistan, which was created in the name of Islam, will continue to survive only if it sticks to Islam. That is why I consider the introduction of Islamic system as an essentia l pre-requisite for the country.†[24] 11. The army has seen itself for the last three decades or more as the defender of not only of the physical frontiers but also of ideological frontiers of the state, conceptualized on the foundations of exclusivity of religion. It has inevitably been increasingly ‘islamised which at one level enhanced internal cohesion and motivation to fight and at another created a spectre of potential discord within the army.[25] 12. In 1976, the Pakistan army had amended its secular motto to include the term ‘jihad in it. All the eight groups of irregular resistance fighters that it equipped and trained for the war in Afghanistan during the 1980s were called ‘Mujahideen- those who carry out jihad.[26] The military-dominated state has used jihad, which is intrinsic to faith and ethics in Islam, to advance its strategic, economic, and political ends. Such a shrewd strategic vision, backed by political denial and policies of economic exclusion, violates elementary Islamic principles of equity and justice. The army has capitalised on the jehadi industry to further ensconce itself in the power structure.[27] Role of ISI 13. The Inter Services Intelligence(ISI) of Pakistan and the inter services public relations are officially under the ministry of defence. In reality, the ISI functions under direct control of Pak Army and its Chief is answerable to the military leaders. The ISI does not report to the civilian authority, even when there is a democratically elected government. The ISI enjoys a unique status in the infrastructure of the Pakistani establishment. It is not an ordinary intelligence apparatus of the state. It has emerged as a fulcrum of Islamic jihadist operations of the state of Pakistan and jihadist tanzeems created by the state. 14. The ISI devoted two full wings of its establishment for carrying out operations inside India. The joint intelligence miscellaneous (JIM) and the joint intelligence north (JIN) are reported to be responsible for directing the Indian operations of the ISI. Whole other wings of the ISI are known to play supportive roles. The JIX often came to the notice of the Indian agencies for coordinating special operations inside India. The Pakistan IB, unlike Indian IB, is not totally barred from conducting operations in selected foreign countries. For Indian targets they are allowed to conduct certain shallow penetration trans-border operations as well as assigned high commission based operations.[28] The Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and ISI 15. The Lashkars nexus with the ISI is well established. â€Å"LeT had worked in close coordination with the ISI, which also provided support to launch the militants across the border† Dr. Khalid Mehmood Soomroo of the Jamiat-e-Islam asks: â€Å"Is there a single militant training centre in Pakistan which can operate without the consent of the Pakistan army?† The are numerous training camps in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK). Zahab and Roy mention three, the principal one being Um al-Qura at Muzaffarabad. Five hundred mujahids are trained here every month.[29] Moreover, India has been victimized by a host of militant groups based in and supported by Pakistan for decades. With the possible exception of the militant groups associated with Jamaat-Islami, the so-called Kashmir tanzeems have been raised, nurtured, assisted, and trained by the ISI.[30] As such, these groups are not strictly non state actors but rather extensions of the state intelligence apparatus, albeit wit h some degree of plausible deniability. 16. Groups that were previously limited to the Kashmir expanded into the Indian hinterland following the 1998 nuclear tests. Notable attacks included the 2000 LeT attack on the Red Fort, the 2001 Jaish-e-Muhamad (JeM) attack on the Indian parliament, the 2006 LeT Mumbai rail system attack, and numerous other attacks by LeT or JeM throughout India. In addition, in 2000, LeT introduced the fidayeen (high-risk suicide commando) operation in Kashmir and has since used it throughout India.[31] 17. LeT is still considered to be an important asset in Pakistans quest to secure its regional objectives and because it, unlike the proliferating morass of Deobandi groups, has never targeted the state.[32] Civil-Military Power Relationship in Pakistan 18. As a ruler Zia left Pakistan turbulent and rife with sectarian and ethnic tensions. Political parties were weak and divided. In such a divided polity the military was not merely the hegemonic, but also the only institution that had grown, expanded and emerged as the arbitrator in defining power relations among various contending power groups. Having established its hegemony in political system the military was poised to search for redefining its role in the post Zia era.[33] Military Hegemony has emerged as the most dominant and durable character of Pakistans political system. Hegemony was achieved through four process (a) Promotion of the â€Å"corporate interests† of military. (b) Political exclusion i.e. exclusion of political leaders, political parties and urban middle class. (c) Political control, i.e. control of the press and labour. (d) Political inclusion, i.e. co-optation and consolidation of bureaucratic elites, financial industrial groups and feudal classes.[34] Govt and Pak Army Today 19.Fast forward to the present and today as a result of the tumultuous political developments in Pakistan during 2007-08 leading to the historic 2008 elections, the Pak Army is under pressure but has not lost its power. It may go back to its old ways when the situation calms down. Pakistan is still far from having a genuinely democratic government that wields effective power. A tug-of-war is underway. It is not ruled out that spate of terrorist acts and destructive activities against india are intended to show up the ineffectiveness of the Pakistans civilian government and create suspicions in India about its bonafides, and the way for the Pak Army to reassert itself openly in Pakistans political arena[35] 20. While Musharrafs departure has reduced the visible level of involvement of the Pakistan Army in affairs of state, it has by no means reduced its stature as a major domestic force and one of the key pillars of governance in the country. It can safely be expected that the weakness and instability of the political coalition will bestow greater significance on the domestic role of the Pakistan Army and could even see the coalition in Islamabad acceding to all â€Å"requests† of the Pakistan Army. The chance that any reluctance on the part of the elected politicians to digress from the path desired by the Pakistan Army may lead to yet another military coup in Pakistan is likely to prominently in the thinking of the elected leaders and could well force them to acquiesce to the desires of the Pakistan Army. In some ways, this would highlight a paradox that has continued to in Pakistani politics the departure of a strong albeit despised military ruler from the corridors of power has once again presented the all-powerful Pakistan Army with yet another opportunity for calling the shots in Islamabad. The power and influence that the Pakistan Army continues to enjoy became fairly evident when Prime Minister Gillanis government had to revoke an order placing the powerful ISI under the Ministry of Interior within six hours of its issuance, primarily due to pressure from the Army.[36] Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER V PAK ARMY SPONSORED CROSS BORDER TERRORISM â€Å"The terrible thing about terrorism is that ultimately it destroys those who practise it. Slowly but surely, as they try to extinguish life in others, the light within them dies.† TERRY WAITE, London Guardian, Feb. 20, 1992 1. The Pak Army is now inextricably involved in exporting terrorism to India. A cosy relationship has developed at the functional level between the local army commanders, the drug mafia, the politicians, the bureaucrats, the police, and the mullahs who supply young recruits as cannon fodder for the so called jihad in Kashmir. It suits everyones vested interests to keep the pot boiling. The vigorous advocacy of jihad provides a share in spoils of the narcotics booty. Power and pelf make a potent cocktail; this heady mixture is an extremely motivating incentive for institutionalizing the perpetuation of a proxy war against India. Hence, no matter what incentives India offers, there is likely to be no let up in the ongoing hostilities. [37] Pak Sponsored Terrorism in JK 2. The ISI had initiated the Proxy war in JK in 1989-90. This campaign can be categorized in three main phases (a) The Azadi Phase (1990-1995). The ISI had raised, tr Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å"Terrorism is the price of empire. If you do not wish to pay the price, you must give up the empire.† PAT BUCHANAN, Where the Right Went Wrong 1. Six decades after its independence Pakistan continues to search for a durable and credible identity. Pakistans rulers constantly strive to show how Pakistan is equal to, if not better than India in all respects. The complex psychology of the Pakistani ruling elite is dominated by the military. Even after more than three and a half decades, the role in the creation of Bangladesh continues to rankle, with the Pak Army in search of ‘revenge for its humiliating defeat in 1971. The mindset of the Pak Army is a cocktail of arrogance and brashness, at times bordering on cockiness, which becomes even more potent with the addition of a measure of a fundamentalism. 2. The Pak Army sees itself as the dominant power in Pakistan has always enjoyed a larger than life status in socio-political fabric of the country. Democratic regimes have not survived and people represented institutions remain weak in Pakistan. It is difficult to comment authoritatively on whether it is the weak political leadership which is responsible for the democratic failures or the overpowering army which has led to military coups in Pakistan. However, what is certain is this, whenever the position of Pak Army has got threatened they have managed to come back into focus as ‘saviours of the nation by destabilising the Indo-Pak relations. 3. The Pak Armys single minded pursuit of its proxy war for over a decade clearly indicates its long-term game planned to destabilize India by keeping the pot boiling in Kashmir, keeping the Indian Army and other security forces embroiled in counter insurgency operations and, more recently, to extend the area of engagement to other parts of India through wanton acts of terrorism in or around high value targets. In short the Pak Armys strategy is to bleed India through a thousand cuts. For Pak Army it is a win-win situation as there is an element of deniability about its involvement. The Pakistani Generals, are convinced that their bleed-India strategy is a low-cost, high pay off option for Pakistan and, therefore, they are loathe to give it up.[1] What Gives Pak Army Confidence to Wage Covert War? 4. A brutal confidence underlies Pakistans continuing commitment to a strategy of waging war by proxy. This confidence is founded on two pillars. The first is the belief in the Pakistan Armys ability to crush any insurgency if it really decides to do so. This conviction was expressed most clearly in General Pervez Musharrafs statement in 2005 to the insurgents in Balochistan that he would sort them out and that they wont know what hit them. 5. The second source of confidence is Pakistans nuclear weapons. Many in Pakistans army and political leadership believe that these weapons protect Pakistan from the outside world. Indian restraint during both the 1999 Kargil War and during the 2001-2002 OP PARAKRAM after the militant attack on Indias Parliament, is an evidence of the power of Pakistans nuclear card. This was evident again after the Mumbai attacks on 26 Nov 2008.[2] 6. Many—if not all—of the militant groups active in JK have enjoyed the specific patronage of the Pakistani state intelligence and military agencies to prosecute Islamabads interests in India.[3] 7. This dissertation seeks to carry out a study of the conduct of cross border terrorism by Pak Army, estimate its future contours suggest suitable responses. Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY â€Å"Terrorism is the tactic of demanding the impossible, and demanding it at gunpoint.† CHRISTOPHER HITCHENS, Terrorism: Notes Toward a Definition Statement of the Problem 1. To identify analyse role of Pak Army in creating dissonance in Indo- Pak relations by sponsoring cross border terrorism against India. To suggest Indias response to counter this threat. Hypothesis 2. With power now in hands of civilian establishment the Pak Army is finding itself in a vulnerable position and is gradually losing its commanding status. To regain their image as ‘guardian angels of the country they are resorting to destabilising Indo-Pak relations by triggering violent terror incidents. 3. The Pak Army attributes all such incidents as being carried out by ‘non-state actors and ‘freedom fighters, while the truth is that Pak Army along with ISI is directly involved in promoting cross border terrorism. Justification of the Study 4. Pak Army continues unabated in its quest to destabilise India through covert means. The investigations into the recent attacks in Mumbai have also revealed a clear link between the Pak Army and the non- state actors and yet the true propagators (read ISI) of the violence are yet to be brought to book. The more India talks in front of the whole world about it, the more denials come from Pakistan, in the light of these facts, it is essential that India must take concrete steps to counter Pak Army support to terrorists who wage covert war against India also unveil its true colours to the world community. Scope 5. The focus of this study is on Pak Armys use of radical Islamic Fundamentalism terrorism as a military strategy to create dissonance in Indo-Pak relations. The emphasis is on role of Pak Army in the recent Mumbai attacks. The study further analyses the likely contours of future covert war methods and concludes by suggesting various options with India to counter the new emerging threat. The dissertation does not cover Pak Army role in raising the ‘Taliban and its so called ongoing war against terrorism and only concentrate on the events and actions that destabilise Indo- Pak relations. Method of Data Collection 6. The source of this dissertation has been the books, periodicals and articles available in the library of Defence Services Staff College. The web sites of IDSA, USI, and several other Indian dailies on the Internet also have been a great help. The bibliography is appended at the end of the text. Organisation of study 7. It is proposed to study the subject by analysing and evaluating the following aspects:- (a) Understanding terrorism. (b) Cross Border Terrorism: An Alternative Military Strategy. (c) Pak Army Sponsored Cross Border Terrorism. (d) Future Contours Suggested Responses. (e) Conclusion. Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER III UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM â€Å"In an interconnected world, the defeat of international terrorism and most importantly, the prevention of these terrorist organizations from obtaining weapons of mass destruction will require the cooperation of many nations. We must always reserve the right to strike unilaterally at terrorists wherever they may exist. But we should know that our success in doing so is enhanced by engaging our allies so that we receive the crucial diplomatic, military, intelligence, and financial support that can lighten our load and add legitimacy to our actions. This means talking to our friends and, at times, even our enemies.† BARACK OBAMA Defining Terrorism 1. Virtually any especially abhorrent act of violence perceived as directed against society—whether it involves the activities of antigovernment dissidents or governments themselves, organized-crime syndicates, common criminals, rioting mobs, people engaged in militant protest, individual psychotics, or lone extortionists—is often labeled â€Å"terrorism.† 2. Terrorism, in the most widely accepted contemporary usage of the term, is fundamentally and inherently political. It is also ineluctably about power: the pursuit of power, the acquisition of power, and the use of power to achieve political change. Terrorism is thus violence—or, equally important, the threat of violence—used and directed in pursuit of, or in service of, apolitical aim.[4] State Sponsored Terrorism 3. One of the most authoritative studies by Daniel Byman, a leading scholar on terrorism defines state sponsorship as â€Å"a governments intentional assistance to a terrorist group to help it use violence, bolster its political activities, or sustain [its] organization.† [5]His research identifies six areas in which states provide support to terrorists—training and operations; money, arms, and logistics; diplomatic backing; organizational assistance; ideological direction; and (perhaps most importantly) sanctuary.[6] Byman argues that terrorist groups which receive significant amounts of state support are far more difficult to counter and destroy than those which do not.[7] 4. However, it is also important to note that there are several types of state sponsorship of terrorism: â€Å"strong supporters† are states with both the desire and the capacity to support terrorist groups; â€Å"weak supporters† are those with the desire but not the capacity to offer significant support; â€Å"lukewarm supporters† are those that offer rhetorical but little actual tangible support; and â€Å"antagonistic supporters† are those that actually seek to control or even weaken the terrorist groups they appear to be supporting. Another category Byman examines is passive support, whereby states â€Å"deliberately turn a blind eye to the activities of terrorists in their countries but do not provide direct assistance.† [8] A states tolerance of or passivity toward a terrorist groups activities, he argues, is often as important to their success as any deliberate assistance they receive. Open and active state sponsorship of terrorism is rare, and it has decreased since the end of the Cold War. Yet this lack of open support does not necessarily diminish the important role that states play in fostering or hindering terrorism. 5. At times, the greatest contribution a state can make to a terrorists cause is by not policing a border, turning a blind eye to fundraising, or even Combating the Sources and Facilitators of Terrorism tolerating terrorist efforts to build their organizations, conduct operations, and survive. Passive support for terrorism can contribute to a terrorist groups success in several ways. It often allows a group to raise money, acquire arms, plan operations, and enjoy a respite from the counterattacks of the government it opposes. Passive support may also involve spreading an ideology that assists a terrorist group in its efforts to recruit new members.[9] Benefits to State Sponsored Terrorists 6. For the terrorist, the benefits of state sponsorship were even greater. Such a relationship appreciably enhanced the capabilities and operational capacity of otherwise limited terrorist groups, placing at their disposal the resources of an established nation-states entire diplomatic, military, and intelligence apparatus and thus greatly facilitating planning and intelligence. The logistical support provided by states assured the terrorists of otherwise unobtainable luxuries, such as the use of diplomatic pouches for the transport of weapons and explosives, false identification in the form of genuine passports, and the use of embassies and other diplomatic facilities as safe houses or staging bases. State sponsorship also afforded terrorists greater training opportunities; thus some groups were transformed into entities more akin to elite commando units than to the stereotypical conspiratorial cell of anarchists wielding Molotov cocktails or radicals manufacturing crude pipe bombs. Finally, terrorists were often paid handsomely for their services, turning hitherto financially destitute entities into well-endowed organizations with investment profiles and healthy balance sheets.[10] The Four Stages of Terrorism 7. The terrorist tactics though essentially focuses on creating terror through violence has evolved over a period of time. 1980s-1990s: Era of backyard Islamicist Struggles 8. During this time the focus was on overthrowing specific regions, like the non democratic governments of Algeria and Egypt, or fighting countries seen to be occupying Muslim lands like Israel and India. (a) Spectacular Example. Assassination of Anwar Sadat of Egypt in 1981 was probably the most famous terrorist act of this period. (b) Preferred Tactics. Mimicking the methods of secular left wing and nationalist terrorist groups like the Palestinian Fatah or the Irish Republican Army. This generally involved hijacking of aircraft, assassination of political s and kidnapping of foreigners. Few of these attacks had much of a ripple outside the region that they took place. These acts were largely seen as a local law and order issue rather than an international menace. 1990s- 2001: Rise of Spectacular Jihad 9. This period saw the arrival of Osama Bin Laden and the Egyptian Ayman al Zawahri on the scene. These men argued that local islamicist struggles need to combine force so they can replicate soviet defeat in Afghanistan. (a) Successful Attack. 9/11, the worlds most lethal and media-friendly terrorist attack. It was preceded by attacks on US warships and embassies in Africa and Persian gulf. (b) Preferred Tactics. 9/11 stamps suicide bombing as the preferred jihadi tactic but also raised the bar on how spectacular the attack must be From roughly 2002 onwards there was a huge surge in suicide bombings across the world, spreading into places like Kashmir, Chechnya and so on where they had previously been rare. 2001-2007: Maturing of Local Guerrilla Terrorism 10. Losing its Afghan base al Qaeda turned to local jihad affiliates to keep up the momentum of attack. Transit attacks in Madrid and London took place. But US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan provided a new outlet for jihadi wrath. Abu Musab al Zarqawi replaced Bin Laden as the terrorist of the moment. (a) Successful Attack. The entire campaign against US military in Iraq which soured the US public to the war and lead to a consensus on the need for the US to withdraw from Iraq as soon as possible. (b) Preferred Tactics. In Europe it was bomb in the bus or terror on the train. In Iraq it is a more straight forward guerilla style war with roadside explosives devices, suicide bombers. Zarqawi introduced shocking media footage such as the execution video of Daniel Pearl. 2008: Possible start of Global Terrorism 11. Suicide Bombing hurts al Qaeda Sentiment among mainstream Islam. Surveys have shown declining support for such tactics since 2005 onwards. Further it is getting increasingly ineffective against new security methods and in terms of winning media attention. (a) Tactical Experiment. The use of small bands of suicide fighters, trained like professional soldiers, who simultaneously strike local and global targets. Mumbai is now being seen as the most intricately coordinated and most successful islamicist terrorist attack since 9/11. This could well be the dawn of new era of such terrorism. [11] Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER IV CROSS BORDER TERRORISM : AN ALTERNATIVE MILITARY STRATEGY â€Å"In the South Asian context, talks on conventional military confidence building cannot be divorced from terrorism. The route of the escalatory process is militancy.† BHARAT KARNAD 1. The Pakistani military leadership believes the terrorist threat is an incentive to India to come to the negotiating table; without it India will simply ignore Pakistans calls for a resolution of the issue. Terrorism also poisons Hindu-Muslim relations and weakens the foundations of Indias secularism. It affects the image of India as an investment destination, which would explain the terror attacks in cities like Bangalore and Mumbai. It panders to extremist lobbies within Pakistan whose declared ambition is to break up India from within. The repeated attacks on Hindu religious places is intended to provoke a communal backlash against the Muslims, in the expectation that this will engender greater Muslim alienation, leading eventually to the tearing up of the social fabric of India.[12] 2. Terrorism has become an institution in Pakistan and has widespread support. Its army and intelligence services consider it a strategic weapon. After each terrorist strike, the Pakistani government cleverly dodges international pressure by temporarily clamping down on terrorism until the focus shifts away. It never completely eliminates this menace.[13] 3. Post Mumbai, Ironic as it may seem the Pakistan Army has gained in an important way. The crisis has gone some way in building bridges between the militant groups and the Pakistan military. Their historical relationship, which had broken down in several ways, is on the mend. Taliban groups in the tribal areas battling Pakistani security forces offered ceasefires so that troops could devote all their energies on what was built up as a coming war on the eastern front. They even offered to fight alongside the troops against India. [14] Cost to Pakistan to Support Cross Border Terrorism 4. Pakistan officially accepts that it is providing diplomatic, political and moral support to Kashmiri militants. However, it is now internationally accepted that the Pakistan army and the ISI Directorate are providing military training, weapons, military equipment, ammunition and explosives to the militants, besides financial support. The ISI spends approximately Rs 5 Crore per month for its proxy war campaign. The Pakistan Army also actively assists the militants to infiltrate into jK by engaging Indian posts on the LC along the routes of infiltration with artillery and small arms fireand provides a large number of officers to lead the militants.[15] The Pak ‘Terror Machine 5. How did the present day terror infrastructure originate? The answer this question can be found in the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The invasion provided Pakistan Army an opportunity to reconstruct its professional image which had considerably tarnished as a consequence of 1971 war and dismemberment of Pakistan. In 1981, when the Reagan administration agreed to support the Afghan Mujahideen and US military assistance to Pakistan began to filter in. It helped the military to build its professional image. The planning and coordination of Afghan resistance movement was done in close collaboration with US intelligence agencies and the Inter Service Intelligence(ISI) of Pakistan. While supporting, training and organizing the various Afghan Guerrilla Bands the ISI built its reputation and skills as a professional organisation. In the process, the ISI enhanced its intelligence and surveillance capabilities. The Zia regime at that time also availed this opportunity to embark on a program to modernize the armed forces of Pakistan. The regime was able to strike a deal with Reagan administration for the procurement of sophisticated F-16 fighter planes. It was also able to procure some artillery and armoured equipment for the army. Consequently the Afghan war and US military aid did facilitate the moderenisation of the Pakistan military. This helped the Military to bolster its professional image.[16] 6. Neither the Americans, stung and exhausted after the wars of the CIA and the armed forces in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, nor the Saudis, who hate to get involved in fighting anywhere, wanted to commit their own forces. So they let Pakistans ISI do the donkey work. The ISI, controlled directly by President Zia al-Haq and influenced on the ground by affluent Arab organizations close to the Muslim Brothers and Pakistans Islamist groups, ran the war against the Russians. Many billions of dollars to fund it came from the United States, the Saudi treasury, and finally as the conflict was winding down, from the resources of financiers like the Saudi construction tycoon Osama bin Laden, who effectively privatized global terrorism in the 1990s.[17] 7. The fundamentalist groups which were trained initially for Afghan war were indoctrinated to believe that it is their religious duty to kill unbelievers and their supporters wherever they are found. Funded by the ISI and religion- based political parties of Pakistan, they are armed with sophisticated weaponery.[18] It is well known that the ISI had surreptitiously siphoned off up to 40-50 % of the weapons supplied by the CIA for use by the Afghan Mujahideen against Russia. These weapons have eventually found their way into JK.[19] It is not as well known that towards the end of Afghan resistance against Russian occupation, ‘mullah warlords had taken over the cultivation and processing of poppy along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. Since then, the illicit trade in narcotics has been generating hefty profits. These are being ploughed into fuelling terrorism in JK and in supporting the Taliban in Afghanistan. This vicious politician-mulla-ISI-army racket suited the ruling elite in Pakistan and is a major cause of continuing war in Afghanistan and terrorism in Kashmir.[20] 8. The sketch below shows the movement of CIA/ISI trained guerrillas out of Afghanistan after driving out Soviet Union from Afghanistan. Islamic Fundamentalism Pak Army 9. From the early days, the secular apolitical army that the British left behind deviated in Pakistan from the basic tenets of professionalism and began to intervene in politics and governance aided by the bureaucratic class( later to be simply used by the army) and the incompetence of the political elites. The army defined the parameters of national policy and the means by which it was to be pursued even when it was not in direct control of state. It also began from the very beginning to rely on clandestine covert war, executed through multiple means and tactics, while following up with traditional professional military forces for a coup de grace when it wanted.[21] 10. When General Zia ul Haq came to power he did not take too long to reveal his religious political outlook. He was brisk in replacing the Jinnahs motto of Pakistan Army- Unity, Faith Discipline with Faith, Piety Holy War (Jihad).[22] In his opening speech, after the take over he, extended two reasons for military intervention. Firstly the country was on threshold of a civil war. Secondly Islam had not been effectively put into practice in Pakistani society.[23] Zia ul Haq after assuming power lent his support and affinity with the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) protest movement. PNA was an alliance of nine parties to throw out Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and they promised to bring back Islamic laws. â€Å"I must say that the spirit of Islam, demonstrated during the recent movement was commendable. It proves that Pakistan, which was created in the name of Islam, will continue to survive only if it sticks to Islam. That is why I consider the introduction of Islamic system as an essentia l pre-requisite for the country.†[24] 11. The army has seen itself for the last three decades or more as the defender of not only of the physical frontiers but also of ideological frontiers of the state, conceptualized on the foundations of exclusivity of religion. It has inevitably been increasingly ‘islamised which at one level enhanced internal cohesion and motivation to fight and at another created a spectre of potential discord within the army.[25] 12. In 1976, the Pakistan army had amended its secular motto to include the term ‘jihad in it. All the eight groups of irregular resistance fighters that it equipped and trained for the war in Afghanistan during the 1980s were called ‘Mujahideen- those who carry out jihad.[26] The military-dominated state has used jihad, which is intrinsic to faith and ethics in Islam, to advance its strategic, economic, and political ends. Such a shrewd strategic vision, backed by political denial and policies of economic exclusion, violates elementary Islamic principles of equity and justice. The army has capitalised on the jehadi industry to further ensconce itself in the power structure.[27] Role of ISI 13. The Inter Services Intelligence(ISI) of Pakistan and the inter services public relations are officially under the ministry of defence. In reality, the ISI functions under direct control of Pak Army and its Chief is answerable to the military leaders. The ISI does not report to the civilian authority, even when there is a democratically elected government. The ISI enjoys a unique status in the infrastructure of the Pakistani establishment. It is not an ordinary intelligence apparatus of the state. It has emerged as a fulcrum of Islamic jihadist operations of the state of Pakistan and jihadist tanzeems created by the state. 14. The ISI devoted two full wings of its establishment for carrying out operations inside India. The joint intelligence miscellaneous (JIM) and the joint intelligence north (JIN) are reported to be responsible for directing the Indian operations of the ISI. Whole other wings of the ISI are known to play supportive roles. The JIX often came to the notice of the Indian agencies for coordinating special operations inside India. The Pakistan IB, unlike Indian IB, is not totally barred from conducting operations in selected foreign countries. For Indian targets they are allowed to conduct certain shallow penetration trans-border operations as well as assigned high commission based operations.[28] The Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and ISI 15. The Lashkars nexus with the ISI is well established. â€Å"LeT had worked in close coordination with the ISI, which also provided support to launch the militants across the border† Dr. Khalid Mehmood Soomroo of the Jamiat-e-Islam asks: â€Å"Is there a single militant training centre in Pakistan which can operate without the consent of the Pakistan army?† The are numerous training camps in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK). Zahab and Roy mention three, the principal one being Um al-Qura at Muzaffarabad. Five hundred mujahids are trained here every month.[29] Moreover, India has been victimized by a host of militant groups based in and supported by Pakistan for decades. With the possible exception of the militant groups associated with Jamaat-Islami, the so-called Kashmir tanzeems have been raised, nurtured, assisted, and trained by the ISI.[30] As such, these groups are not strictly non state actors but rather extensions of the state intelligence apparatus, albeit wit h some degree of plausible deniability. 16. Groups that were previously limited to the Kashmir expanded into the Indian hinterland following the 1998 nuclear tests. Notable attacks included the 2000 LeT attack on the Red Fort, the 2001 Jaish-e-Muhamad (JeM) attack on the Indian parliament, the 2006 LeT Mumbai rail system attack, and numerous other attacks by LeT or JeM throughout India. In addition, in 2000, LeT introduced the fidayeen (high-risk suicide commando) operation in Kashmir and has since used it throughout India.[31] 17. LeT is still considered to be an important asset in Pakistans quest to secure its regional objectives and because it, unlike the proliferating morass of Deobandi groups, has never targeted the state.[32] Civil-Military Power Relationship in Pakistan 18. As a ruler Zia left Pakistan turbulent and rife with sectarian and ethnic tensions. Political parties were weak and divided. In such a divided polity the military was not merely the hegemonic, but also the only institution that had grown, expanded and emerged as the arbitrator in defining power relations among various contending power groups. Having established its hegemony in political system the military was poised to search for redefining its role in the post Zia era.[33] Military Hegemony has emerged as the most dominant and durable character of Pakistans political system. Hegemony was achieved through four process (a) Promotion of the â€Å"corporate interests† of military. (b) Political exclusion i.e. exclusion of political leaders, political parties and urban middle class. (c) Political control, i.e. control of the press and labour. (d) Political inclusion, i.e. co-optation and consolidation of bureaucratic elites, financial industrial groups and feudal classes.[34] Govt and Pak Army Today 19.Fast forward to the present and today as a result of the tumultuous political developments in Pakistan during 2007-08 leading to the historic 2008 elections, the Pak Army is under pressure but has not lost its power. It may go back to its old ways when the situation calms down. Pakistan is still far from having a genuinely democratic government that wields effective power. A tug-of-war is underway. It is not ruled out that spate of terrorist acts and destructive activities against india are intended to show up the ineffectiveness of the Pakistans civilian government and create suspicions in India about its bonafides, and the way for the Pak Army to reassert itself openly in Pakistans political arena[35] 20. While Musharrafs departure has reduced the visible level of involvement of the Pakistan Army in affairs of state, it has by no means reduced its stature as a major domestic force and one of the key pillars of governance in the country. It can safely be expected that the weakness and instability of the political coalition will bestow greater significance on the domestic role of the Pakistan Army and could even see the coalition in Islamabad acceding to all â€Å"requests† of the Pakistan Army. The chance that any reluctance on the part of the elected politicians to digress from the path desired by the Pakistan Army may lead to yet another military coup in Pakistan is likely to prominently in the thinking of the elected leaders and could well force them to acquiesce to the desires of the Pakistan Army. In some ways, this would highlight a paradox that has continued to in Pakistani politics the departure of a strong albeit despised military ruler from the corridors of power has once again presented the all-powerful Pakistan Army with yet another opportunity for calling the shots in Islamabad. The power and influence that the Pakistan Army continues to enjoy became fairly evident when Prime Minister Gillanis government had to revoke an order placing the powerful ISI under the Ministry of Interior within six hours of its issuance, primarily due to pressure from the Army.[36] Cross Border Terrorism Sponsored by Pak Army and Suggested Indian response CHAPTER V PAK ARMY SPONSORED CROSS BORDER TERRORISM â€Å"The terrible thing about terrorism is that ultimately it destroys those who practise it. Slowly but surely, as they try to extinguish life in others, the light within them dies.† TERRY WAITE, London Guardian, Feb. 20, 1992 1. The Pak Army is now inextricably involved in exporting terrorism to India. A cosy relationship has developed at the functional level between the local army commanders, the drug mafia, the politicians, the bureaucrats, the police, and the mullahs who supply young recruits as cannon fodder for the so called jihad in Kashmir. It suits everyones vested interests to keep the pot boiling. The vigorous advocacy of jihad provides a share in spoils of the narcotics booty. Power and pelf make a potent cocktail; this heady mixture is an extremely motivating incentive for institutionalizing the perpetuation of a proxy war against India. Hence, no matter what incentives India offers, there is likely to be no let up in the ongoing hostilities. [37] Pak Sponsored Terrorism in JK 2. The ISI had initiated the Proxy war in JK in 1989-90. This campaign can be categorized in three main phases (a) The Azadi Phase (1990-1995). The ISI had raised, tr