Metal Detectors Should Not Be Scanned, Treated Like A...

Would you like to come to school like a prisoner? To be scanned, treated like a criminal? Of course not. Adding metal detectors to schools would do just that. It would be unjust and downright disrespectful. The schools are saying they don t trust its own people. Speaker ________ said that using metal detectors reduces the risk of entering school with weapons. However, according to the U.S. Department of Justice, metal detectors are usually not effective when used on purses, backpacks, briefcases, or suitcases. There is usually a large number of different objects or materials located in or as part of the composition of these carried items that would cause an alarm. {National Institute of Justice Research Report: Chapter 3-Metal†¦show more content†¦Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2013. Web. 21 Sept. 2013.| National Association of School Psychologists. School Safety and Security.Research on School Security The Impact of Security Measures on Students (2005): 1-4. National Association of School Psychologists C. National Association of School Psychologists C. Web. 21 Sept. 2015. Speaker ________ said that it increases perceived level of safety, thus creating a more comfortable learning environment. According to the NASP, studies have shown that the presence of security guards and metal detectors in schools negatively impacts students’ perceptions of safety and even increases fear among some students. (30,31) The use of metal detectors is negatively correlated with students’ sense of safety at school, even when taking into account the level of violence at the schools. (33) {31}Bachman, R., Randolph, A., Brown, B. L. (2011). Predicting perceptions of fear at school and going to and from school for African American and White students: The effects of school security measures. Youth Society, 43, 705-726. 31 {32}Schreck, C. J., Miller, J. M. (2003). Sources of fear of crime at school: What is the relative contribution of disorder, individual characteristics and school security? Journal of School Violence, 2, 57-79., {33} 3 Gastic, B. (2011). Meta l detectors and feeling safe at school. Education and Urban Society, 43,

How Sweatshops Are Good for the Poor and Why Are Anti-Sweatshop Moveme Literature review

Essays on How Sweatshops Are Good for the Poor and Why Are Anti-Sweatshop Movements Not Interested in Stopping the Trade in Developing Nations Literature review The paper â€Å"How Sweatshops Are Good for the Poor and Why Are Anti-Sweatshop Movements Not Interested in Stopping the Trade in Developing Nations?" is a spectacular example of a literature review on human resources. Sweatshops are places of employment that offer low pay, inflexible working conditions as well as long working hours (Jones and Malones, 2010). According to many economists, sweatshops have been perceived to benefit the poor as well as developing countries. It is also clear that anti-sweatshop movements can reduce employment opportunities in developing countries. From an economic perspective, sweatshops can be viewed as an exchange in which both employers and workers gain when they enter the market voluntarily, even if the wage may be too low. However, much of the scholarly work regarding sweatshops has been focused on the wages employees get. Some authors argue that after regulating other factors, multinational firms pay more than domestic firms in developing countrie s.Mobilization against exploitation at the workplace has spawned numerous grassroots movements; the most famous movement, in this case, is the anti-sweatshop movement (Claire, n.d). Anti-sweatshop movements champion for better working conditions, better pay as well as accountability and transparency of practices by the owners and the management (Jones and Malones, 2010). Many small operations supply big companies with whole or parts of the products that are made under questionable circumstances. Even though, the advocates for reform are diligent they have a daunting task. In most cases, the exposed sweatshops shut down overnight and reopen in another place under a new name (Jones and Malones, 2010). There has been an argument that those corporations buying goods from these firms claim that suppliers using the sweatshop tactics may not be part of the corporation, therefore suggesting that corporations that are not accountable therefore making social transformation intricate. In order to counter this rhetoric, it requires both imaginative and inventive strategies (Jones and Malones, 2010).Environmental concerns have become more intricate in the present globalized world. Many sweatshops are located in places with low environmental standards (Jones and Malones, 2010). However, there are dangers associated with low environmental standards upon the individuals operating in specific environments. Additionally, producing goods in nations that have low environmental standards implies that there will be increased use of transportation fuels so that the commodities can be moved around the world.According to Roberts, Moser LePan and Buzzard (2011, 478) they state that no story illustrates the growing distrust of the culture of corporate branding more than the international anti-Nike, this is the most known as well as tenacious of the brand-based campaigns. According to Roberts, Moser LePan and Buzzard (2011, 478), Nike’s sweatshop scandals have been subject to disc ussion in more than 1500 new articles as well as opinion columns. Nike's Asian factories have been probed by cameras from major media houses such as ESPN, CBS, and Disney’s sports station. Additionally, Nike has been subject to various Doonesbury cartoon strips as well as the butt of Michael Moore’s documentary The Big One. Consequently, a number of people in Nike’s PR section are dealing with the sweatshop controversy. This involves, fielding grievances, meeting local groups as well as developing Nike’s responses (Jones and Malones, 2010). The company has established a new executive post, vice president for corporate responsibility (CCCE, 2013). The authors of The Broadview Anthology of Expository Prose claim that Nike has received thousands of letters of protest. It has also been faced with several group demonstrations and it is the target of several critical web sites.

Music and Death free essay sample

The Songs and Deaths of Rockers That Have Shocked the World Music as we know it today is the voice off generation. It gives us entertainment, and speaks out for a community of people In many ways. Most people listen to at least some sort of music, and serves a purpose in almost every facet of society. Just about any expression can be shared through music, Including ideas and feelings about death. Music is used in various way when pertaining to death, including songs about how a death occurred, or songs tat service mourning a death.Whichever way you look at It, music serves an Important purpose, and the songs about death and the death of certain performing artists has a great impact on society, especially the youth of society. It will be Interesting to think about some of these songs and musicians, and the effect their short lives and music can have in our society. No matter which way you turn your head, your going to hear many different kinds of music. Many artists look to cover as many topics in their music, and death and dying is a topic that everyone in this world will sooner or later deal with, so it is a topic that it is covered.It Is hen speaking about death. The Notorious B. I. G. And Tuba Shaker are two rap artists who both have died within the last five years, and were both extremely popular. What one may look at is the fact that both seemed to have an idea that they were going to die right before they did, and it was not because of a terminal illness, it was in fact by being murdered. Tuba Shaker was a very popular artist, whose talents were respected by people who werent or arent even rap music fans.He was very young when he passed, at age 25, and there are still people who listen to his music studio, and there are even some people who question his death even occurred. Many of his albums have thoughts of death and his lyrics represent these thoughts, as he questions how much faith he has left, and how he seems to know his time is coming to an end. One of his songs, titled only God can Judge me, talks about how there is death all around him, and how it is hard to keep positive in the light of friends passing. Now, when dealing with a popular rap artist who makes a lot of money it is hard to Judge his albums and lyrics at face value. But indeed he even insists that it is difficult to escape your hard past, no matter how much success comes forward. Some of his albums suggest his nature of knowing death as near, such as his album Me against the World, and apocalypse now. Not being a Rap hard for to Judge what is going through his mind, but by reading some lyrics it is obvious that he believes that he has a hard life, and that death may be the only answer. The Notorious B. I. G. Was a very famous rap star on the East Coast, and grew to nationwide fame. His lyrics exemplify death even further, as he seemed to never give up his gangster lifestyle. Before becoming famous he was a drug dealer, dealing Crack- Cocaine, so he was well aware of death as a fact of life. His lyrics were different from Tubas in that most of his Death lyrics were about murder instead of his own death, that is until he started to believe that his death was imminent. Like Tubas lyrics, his songs are way to graphic to quote here, but many of his songs had lyrics of him killing and in some rare cases even some sort of threats of torturing as well.It would be reasonable to believe that it was because of his lifestyle on the streets that made him think this way, as he did seem to be obsessed with murder and death. One of his albums was entitled Ready to Die, and it has songs on both side of the spectrum. The self titled song was about how is preparing to murder someone, and there was also a song called suicidal thoughts, which was about how bad his self image was, a nd about how he believed that he deserved to go to hell instead of Heaven because of all of his bad deeds. This song is particularly disturbing, since it gives graphic depictions of what his life would heaven and then in hell, and it seems like he has a true belief in how bad he really is. Both of these rap artists were immensely popular for the actually sound and chattiness of their music. They both displayed a lot of power in their music, but mainly they both expressed lot of truth about their lives, and most certainly on how death was a constant issue. The fact that these two people lived tough lives makes them appealing to fans, and their views on death can give listeners an idea of how much off reality death really is.Now, it is not depicted in a nice way, but it is indeed very truthful, and therefore very effective. Death has become a very large part of the music industry, and the Death of some other music stars have shocked the music industry as well. Another two artists, Kurt Cabin of the group Nirvana and Brad Newell of Sublime are two that come to mind. These two are interesting because they are completely opposite on their outlooks on life, as Kurt Cabin was very negative, and Brad Newell has very positive.Now their music didnt always necessarily pertain to death I itself, but their lifestyles seemed to, as Kurt Cabin had more than one suicide attempt and some lyrics that were morbid, and Brad lived a very out of control life, that led to drug abuse and his death from a drug overdose. Today. Now rock music isnt actually the most popular form of music anymore, but it is a format that will probably live on for a very long time to come. As his group grew immensely popular, Kurt grew pressed and suicidal.His band grew in the grunge type of style, and they revolutionized it, starting from the very bottom before climbing all the way to the top of the music industry. The more popular they become, the more depressed Kurt became, and his music showed it. One song in particular showed this, this being a song released near the end of his life, and it was called l hate myself and I want to die. In this song he talks about a person who kills himself as he was slowly dying in his own room. It is interesting, since he doesnt sing it in the first person, but it seems to be of him explaining his own death.Curts first suicide attempt was by and apparent overdose, but he was saved before he died that time, and he later shot himself in the head. Butt know that this may have been him describing his own death is indeed morbid and may have been a cry for help. Bradley Newell of Sublime was probably the exact opposite of Kurt Cabin, and death was probably more tragic due to the recent birth of his son and his more positive outlook on life. Throughout the Sublimes seven year history, Brad had been suffering with a addiction, one that he was never able to kick as he died from a heroine overdose. His USIA was very upbeat, and it showed how much a off part type lifestyle him and his band all lived. Bradley was indeed a very self destructive person, as he couldnt live without drugs, and had many failures when he attempted to get clean and sober. Its a sad story as he was very high on life, but he as well accepted that he had a hard life, and his overdose ended that struggle. Their music didnt become popular until after his death, and his death may indeed has contributed to the popularity of their music. Just like Cabin, Tuba, B. I. G. Bradley still has a following after his death, and will untie to have one for a long time afterward. Each one of these artists has a different story, but they all ended the same, with a tragic and early death. Each artist was still in his ass, and each artist has touched many fans around them. The importance of their deaths is clear, that it gives the general popular culture a sense of what death is and that it truly exists out there. All four of these deaths have touched the senses in different ways, one being a suicide, one being an accidental overdose, and two being murders.In essence it is obviously not good that these artists deaths came so early, but at least t is a warning sign for the rest of the world, in that it proves that everyone dies sometime, and that no one is lifestyles, and they all learned the lessons of life the hard way. Each death has been like an overdose of reality to the popular culture, and has grounded everyone whose lives they have touched. Anything that popular recording artists do is going to be documented and looked at by the general public.When one of them actually dies, especially at a young age and in a tragic way, it is going to have some sort of impact on societys popular culture, if not the entire public. Sales suggest that death is even good thing for an artists career, believe it or not. Jim Hendrix, a legendary guitarist and performing artist summed it nicely saying, Once youre dead, your made for life. In death, many of these artists sales soar to the top of the charts, as shown by music from the recently deceased Allah and Beetles legend, George Harrison.Bob Marled, who died in 1981, is still the best selling Reggae artist in the world. Artists like the Doors and Elvis Presley have also thrived post mortem. All of this proves that even in death, the music goes on, and people are still touched by the work of the dead. There are many ways to grasp and view death as a fact of life, and death in the music industry. Some artists portray death in their actual music, and others Just give us a look at death by their lifestyle and how they eventual die.One thing has become clear: That the deaths of famous performing artists will touch the general public in more than one way. When a performance artist has died, the public rallies around them, and buys and listens to their music to support the deceased and their families. When a performance artist sings about death and their views or brushes with death, it gives society a chance to see what people think about death, and how they may handle an apparent death or the thought that their own life is about to come to an end.Death is something that every person is going to have to deal with at some point another in their lives. To the people who have never had someone close to them die, the death of a celebrity can be the next closest way for that person to experience and learn to deal with death. The deaths of the four artists mentioned touched the public in different ways. Brad Newell was an aspiring artist who was Just making it to the top when it all came crashing down. Tuba Shaker and the Notorious B. I. G. Ere both already on top and their lifestyles of violence led to their demise. And the Kurt Cabin was a small town guy who didnt want all of the fame and his psyche crumbled as he committed suicide. Each one of these deaths and the music brought from these artists gives us a sense of what it is like to die the way each of these people did. Too lot of rebirth to reality, on how life should be lived and that the industry is only entertainment, and not the way to a fulfilling life. In the end music cannot be a way of life, but it can lead to inspiration towards leading a good life, and gives comfort and hope towards that goal.

On a Tree Fallen Across the Road free essay sample

?The art of poetry is a very deep form of writing which, when executed properly, can be interpreted many different ways. â€Å"On a Tree Fallen Across the Road† by Robert Frost may seem like just a walk in the woods, but it is far from that. This poem is about a man who is faced with a fallen tree blocking his path and has no way of getting around it. In fact, the illustrated problem proves to bring on advancement rather than be an obstacle. Frost demonstrates this with problem solving, progression and demonstrates that problems create personal growth. Problem solving is a major factor of this poem. There are two different types of problems – physical and mental, this situation captures them both. A fallen tree blocking the path is a very concrete problem, but overcoming it requires both mental and physical abilities. In this case, the speaker is faced with a situation which requires evaluation to conquer. We will write a custom essay sample on On a Tree Fallen Across the Road or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"She likes to halt us in our runner tracks, And make us get down in a foot of snow Debating what to do without an ax† (Frost, lines 6, 7 and 8) This is very effective and makes the reader sit back and think of a solution. Many people would associate an axe to a solution of a fallen tree, but in this event, the speaker cannot – he must keep thinking. Sometimes you really have to dig deep for a solution and just do whatever it takes to attain it. In line 7, Frost uses very effective writing to describe what it takes to get to glory, because in most case, it is not the easiest thing to do. With all this said, problem solving is excellent for personal growth because it will help you attain what you desire. In addition, progression is very accurately illustrated in this poem. Frost really makes the reader think that even the smallest decision in life will affect us one way or another. At first, the speaker in this poem does not think he can get around the fallen tree, â€Å"Our passage to our journey’s end for good† (Frost, line 3), but soon realizes that with a little determination, he can and will get around it – â€Å"We will not be put off the final goal / We have it hidden in us to attain† (Frost, lines 10 and 11). There are many people that do not realise that with the right mindset, anything can be attained. The fallen tree in this poem represents life problems, which just need motivation to overcome. Any situation in life should be viewed the way the speaker views the fallen tree; the goal in mind and determination to achieve it. To summarize, progression and overcoming obstacle really does force mental growth. Lastly, Frost illustrates that, with a little thinking, problems are beneficial and create personal growth. When the speaker is faced with this obstacle, he must do whatever it takes to get to the solution. Anything that can be done, will be done in order to get around the problem, but sometimes, the solution is not as easy to attain as it may seem. Thinking outside the box is often necessary, and certainly beneficial, in many situations faced daily. Frost writes â€Å"We have it hidden in us to attain, / Not though we have to seize earth by the pole† (lines 11 and 12), these words of inspiration tell the reader that every human has the ability to overcome obstacles placed before them, and though sometimes this ability is challenging to uncover it can be done. What many people do not realise is that problems induce perseverance by mandating the need to overcome said problem, thereby creating personal growth. To conclude, Robert Frost’s â€Å"On a Tree Fallen Across the Road† can be interpreted many different ways. The use of problem solving, progression and explanation that problems create personal growth strongly enforce the main idea; the illustrated problem proves to bring on advancement rather than be an obstacle.

United States Essay Example Essay Example

United States Essay Example Paper United States Essay Introduction The United States enacted an embargo on Cuba in 1960; cutting off all ties with Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. President Eisenhower ordered a complete stoppage of United States exports to Cuba The United States policy on Cuba proved counter-productive and negatively impacted the Cuban citizens. The embargo moved Cuba towards an oppressive government and helped Castro justify his oppression. The United States intended for the embargo against Cuba to further benefit Cuba as a country and lead Cuba more towards a democratic government.Instead this embargo forced Cuba towards a more communist government causing much more destruction than anticipated by the United States. President Eisenhower developed a plan to overthrow the Cuban President, Fidel Castro, when he determined the embargo ineffective. President Eisenhower disclosed his intention to eliminate Castro by either armed force or assassination. The tension between the United States and Cuba heightened when it became known that President Eisenhower planned to overthrow Fidel Castro. The United States entered into Southern Cuba to takeover the government by armed force.This invasion came to be known as the Bay of Pigs. The Cuban government was unaware of the exact date the exile force would land but Castro expected the imminent attack. The Bay of Pigs Invasion happened on April 17 through the 19 in 1961. A United States ship carrying all the weapons and ammunition intended for the invasion, sunk on the first day. The unsuccessful Bay of Pigs Invasion created more hostility between the United States and Cuba. After the Bay of Pigs invasion the United States pressured its allies to reduce their commerce with Cuba, in hopes of forcing Castro into submission.The Bay of Pigs Fiasco primarily caused the Soviet Union’s involvement with Cuba. The United States’ inability to make decisive decisions regarding government policies with Cuba encouraged the Soviet Union to exert more power over Cuba. The United States failure to decisively act led the Soviets to believe that their country’s economic and military involvement with Cuba would not endanger United States and Soviet relations. â€Å"The single most important event encouraging and accelerating Soviet involvement in Cuba was the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Some of Castro’s advisors wrote that he openly traded United States dominance for Soviet dominance. The embargo on Cuba significantly damaged the Cuban citizens. The embargo restricted Cubans from traveling to the United States and limited the number of United States citizens allowed to enter into Cuba. The embargo considerably impacted Cuban’s daily lives including access to basic needs such as food, health care and education. The embargo also resulted in political oppression. Nancy Pelosi reiterated this when she argued against House Resolution 927.Ms. Pelosi stated, â€Å" H. R. 927 tightens the embargo against Cuba—an embargo which ha s only resulted in inadequate access to medicine, to food, to healthcare, to education, and to development, for the Cuban people. It has not had an impact on Castro. It has not contributed to an open society. It has not opened any doors to freedom. † The embargo on Cuba negatively affected the daily lives of the Cuban people. The Cuban people suffered because of the embargo that ultimately provided no sizeable gain for the United States.The United States failed to overthrow Fidel Castro but continued to impose the embargo that caused pain and destruction for the Cuban citizens. Castro’s willingness to accept Soviet domination allowed Cuba to rely on the Soviets for economic support. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Cuba relied heavily on the Soviet’s for the majority of their imported food. When the Soviet Union fell, Cuba lost billions of dollars in economic aid. The United States knew of Cuba’s dire economic state resulting from the fal l of the Soviet Union.Yet, the United States continued ignoring the desperate state of the Cuban people hoping that the depravity of food would force a citizen revolt against Fidel Castro. The United States used food as a weapon instead of lifting the embargo and providing the aid the Cuban society desperately needed. During a subcommittee meeting about consumer affairs, Stephen Weber president of the Maryland Farm Bureau stated, â€Å" We support immediate resumption of normal trading relations with Cuba. In short, food should not be used as a weapon.U. S. rade policy has demonstrated that more than forty years of isolationism has failed to produce a democratic reform. † The United States failed to act and in consequently the Cuban people suffered not Castro. The United States should have allowed the importation of wheat and corn in to Cuba. Helping the Cubans would have had no damaging consequences for the United States. In 1961 the Cuban government embarked on a campaign t o eradicate illiteracy. Cuba, once one of the most literate countries in the world, slowly lost their prominent lead in their advancing education system.Teacher shortages in Cuban schools made the educational process difficult. The students lacked updated books with the newly accepted ideas. Had the United States lifted the embargo on Cuba, the access to the educational tools available in the United States would have further benefited the country. Students from the United States are finding that it is extremely difficult for them to get a license to travel to Cuba for educational purposes. Cuban’s are not allowed to travel to the United States thus making it extremely difficult for them to gain intellectual freedom.The embargo limits the knowledge and growth of education between Americans and Cubans. The embargo made it almost impossible for Cubans to broaden their horizons and become familiarly with the new advances in science and technology. There is little freedom of expre ssion in Cuba because the government controls the media. Cubans are in danger of imprisonment if they speak out against the government. The Cuban constitution allows citizens freedom of speech as long as it adheres to the objectives of a socialist society.Dissidents are prohibited from voicing their opinion about the government. If Cubans tried pursuing their individual rights imprisonment would result. Public disorder or alarming the citizens of the rights Cubans lack resulted in imprisonment. Fidel Castro justified the oppression of the Cuban citizens by declaring that any dissent against the Cuban government actually supported the United States in their attempt to overthrow Castro. â€Å" The Cuban government’s justification for oppression can be largely encapsulated in three words: the United States. The United States continued to let the government’s harsh feelings about Castro control political decision-making instead of helping citizens and political prisoners held in violation of their basic human rights. Although many political leaders in the United States are against the embargo, the United States continued to pass legislation strengthening the embargo against Cuba. The Cuban Liberty and Solidarity Act adopted on March 6, 1996 by the United States House of Representatives intensified the United States embargo against Cuba, seeking international sanctions against Castro’s government.This resolution also proposed a plan to support a transitional democratic government for Cuba. Although this bill passed, political leaders did not agree with the sanctions placed against Cuba. One of these leaders spoke candidly about her opinions on the United States embargo against Cuba. Representative Nancy Pelosi stated, â€Å"I oppose H. R. 927 [Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1995]. because the embargo has not contributed in any way to increased freedom and democratization in Cuba. Rather it has only made life hard for the Cuban people.Fidel Castro is still in power and suffering no consequences from this embargo. The people of Cuba, however, suffer daily because of it. † The political leaders throughout the world disagreed with the United States and their position on the Cuban embargo. The United Nations, in October 1997, voted to support a nonbinding resolution encouraging the Americans to end the embargo against Cuba. One hundred and forty three countries supported this resolution, while only two voted with the United States those being, Israel and Uzbekistan. Most all of the countries in the World opposed the United States embargo on Cuba.Even with most of countries in the World encouraging the Unites States to lift the embargo, the United States stayed committed to its vendetta against Fidel Castro. On February 19 2008, Fidel Castro stepped down as President of Cuba. He renounced his title to his brother, Raul Castro. The United States should have taken this as an opportunity to lift the embargo , and renew its political and economic ties with Cuba. The United States should have acknowledged and acted on the majority of the world’s opinion and should have given up its vendetta against Fidel Castro.This would have been a perfect time for the United Stated to open the doors to a more democratic society by providing aid instead of an embargo that had not produced any results except oppression of the people in the last half of century. The embargo placed on Cuba was intended to weaken the power that Fidel Castro had over Cuba and eventually force him to resign. Thus helping Cuba move towards a more democratic government. Instead the embargo on Cuba only strengthened Castro’s power and lead Cuba more towards a communist government.The embargo has stripped the Cubans of basic rights that could be available to them if the embargo was lifted. The intention was to help the Cuban people escape Castro’s reign but instead it forced them to endure years of hardships . United States Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

The Role of Interjections in English Grammar

The Role of Interjections in English Grammar Shortly after Steve Jobss death in the fall of 2011, his sister, Mona Simpson, revealed that Jobss final words were monosyllables, repeated three times: OH WOW. OH WOW. OH WOW. As it happens, interjections (such as oh and wow) are among the first words we learn as children- usually by the age of a year and a half. Eventually, we pick up several hundred of these brief, often exclamatory utterances. As the 18th-century philologist, Rowland Jones observed, It appears that interjections make up a considerable part of our language. Nevertheless, interjections are commonly regarded as the outlaws of English grammar. The term itself, derived from Latin, means something thrown in between. Why Interjections Are Overlooked Interjections usually stand apart from normal sentences, defiantly maintaining their syntactic independence. (Yeah!) They arent marked inflectionally for grammatical categories such as tense or number. (No sirree!) And because they show up more frequently in spoken English than in writing, most scholars have chosen to ignore them. (Aw.) Linguist Ute Dons has summarized the uncertain status of interjections: In modern grammars, the interjection is located at the periphery of the grammatical system and represents a phenomenon of minor importance within the word class system (Quirk et al. 1985: 67). It is unclear whether the interjection is to be considered an open or closed word class. Its status is also special in that it does not form a unit with other word classes and that interjections are only loosely connected with the rest of the sentence. Furthermore, interjections stand apart as they often contain sounds which are not part of the phoneme inventory of a language (e.g. ugh, Quirk et al. 1985: 74).(Descriptive Adequacy of Early Modern English Grammars. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) But with the advent of corpus linguistics and conversation analysis, interjections have recently begun to attract serious attention. The Study of Interjections Early grammarians tended to regard interjections as mere sounds rather than words- as outbursts of passion rather than meaningful expressions. In the 16th century, William Lily defined the interjection as a parte of speche, whyche betokeneth a sodayne passion of the mynde, under an unperfect voice. Two centuries later, John Horne Took argued that the brutish, inarticulate interjection . . . has nothing to do with speech, and is only the miserable refuge of the speechless. More recently, interjections have been variously identified as adverbs (the catch-all category), pragmatic particles, discourse markers, and single-word clauses. Others have characterized interjections as pragmatic noises, response cries, reaction signals, expressives, inserts, and evincives. At times interjections call attention to a speakers thoughts, often as sentence openers (or initiators): Oh, you must be kidding. But they also function as back-channel signals- feedback offered by listeners to show theyre paying attention. (At this point, class, feel free to say Gosh! or at least Uh-huh.) Its now customary to divide interjections into two broad classes, primary and secondary: Primary interjections are single words (such as ah, ouch, and yowza) that are used only as interjections and that dont enter into syntactic constructions. According to linguist Martina Drescher, primary interjections generally serve to lubricate conversations in a ritualized manner.*Secondary interjections (such as well, hell, and rats) also belong to other word classes. These expressions are often exclamatory and tend to mix with oaths, swear words, greeting formulas, and the like. Drescher describes secondary interjections as derivative uses of other words or locutions which have lost their original conceptual meanings- a process known as semantic bleaching. As written English grows more and more colloquial, both classes have migrated from speech into print. One of the more intriguing characteristics of interjections is their multifunctionality: the same word may express praise or scorn, excitement or boredom, joy or despair. Unlike the comparatively straightforward denotations of other parts of speech, the meanings of interjections are largely determined by intonation, context, and what linguists call pragmatic function. Geez, we might say, you really had to be there. Ill leave the next-to-last word on interjections to the authors of the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (1999): If we are to describe spoken language adequately, we need to pay more attention to [interjections] than has traditionally been done. To which I say, Hell, yeah! * Quoted by Ad Foolen in The Expressive Function of Language: Towards a Cognitive Semantic Approach. The Language of Emotions: Conceptualization, Expression, and Theoretical Foundation, ed. by Susanne Niemeier and Renà © Dirven. John Benjamins, 1997.

Marie Sklodowska Curie - 1867 to 1934

Marie Sklodowska Curie - 1867 to 1934 Marie Curie is best known for discovering radium, yet she achieved many more accomplishments. Here is a brief biography of her claim to fame. Born November 7, 1867Warsaw, Poland Died July 4, 1934Sancellemoz, France Claim to Fame Radioactivity Research Notable Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) [together with Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie]Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911) Summary of Accomplishments Marie Curie pioneered radioactivity research, She was the first two-time Nobel laureate and the only person to win the award in two different sciences (Linus Pauling won Chemistry and Peace). She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Marie Curie was the first female professor at the Sorbonne. More About Maria Sklodowska-Curie or Marie Curie Maria Sklodowska was the daughter of Polish schoolteachers. She took work as a teacher after her father lost his savings through a bad investment. She also participated in the nationalist â€Å"free university,† in which she read in Polish to women workers. She worked as a governess in Poland to support her older sister in Paris and eventually joined them there. She met and married Pierre Curie while she was studying science at the Sorbonne. They studied radioactive materials, particularly the ore pitchblende. On December 26, 1898, the Curies announced the existence of an unknown radioactive substance found in pitchblende that was more radioactive than uranium. Over the course of several years, Marie and Pierre processed tons of pitchblende, progressively concentrating the radioactive substances and eventually isolating the chloride salts (radium chloride was isolated on April 20, 1902). They discovered two new chemical elements. Polonium was named for Curies native country, Poland, and radium was named for its intense radioactivity. In 1903, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel. This made Curie the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. In 1911 Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element. The Curies did not patent the radium isolation process, choosing to let the scientific community freely continue research. Marie Curie died from aplastic anemia, almost certainly from unshielded exposure to hard radiation.